The entropy versus temperature plot for phases $\alpha$ and $\beta$ at $1$ bar pressure is given. ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{T}}$ and ${\mathrm{S}}_0$ are entropies of the phases at temperatures $\mathrm{T}$ and $0 \mathrm{K}$, respectively. The transition temperature for $\alpha$ to $\beta$ phase change is $600 \mathrm{K}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\beta }}-{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\alpha }}=1 \mathrm{J} {\mathrm{mol}}^{-1} {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$. Assume $\left({\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\beta }}-{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\alpha }}\right)$ is independent of temperature in the range of $200$ to $700 \mathrm{K}.{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\alpha }}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\beta }}$ are heat capacities of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ phases, respectively. The value of enthalpy change, ${\mathrm{H}}_{\beta }-{\mathrm{H}}_{\alpha }$ (in ${\mathrm{Jmol}}^{-1}$ ), at $300 \mathrm{K}$ is

Paragraph:
Carbon-14 is used to determine the age of organic material. The procedure is based on the formation of \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) by neutron capture in the upper atmosphere.
\(
{ }_7^{14} \mathrm{~N}+{ }_0^1 n \longrightarrow{ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C}+{ }_1 n^1
\)
\({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) is absorbed by living organisms during photosynthesis. The \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) content is constant in living organism once the plant or animal dies, the uptake of carbon dioxide by it ceases and the level of \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) in the dead being, falls to the decay which \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) undergoes.
\(
{ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C} \longrightarrow{ }_7^{14} \mathrm{~N}+\beta^{-}
\)
The half life period of \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) is 5770 years. The decay constant \((\lambda)\) can be calculated by using the following formula \(\lambda=\frac{0.693}{t_{1 / 2}}\).
The comparison of the \(\beta^{-}\)activity of the dead matter with that of the carbon still in circulation enables measurement of the period of the isolation of the material from the living cycle. The method however, ceases to be accurate over periods longer than 30,000 years. The proportion of \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) to \({ }^{12} \mathrm{C}\) in living matter is \(1: 10^{12}\).
Question:
What should be the age of fossil for meaningful determination of its age?

The entropy versus temperature plot for phases $\alpha$ and $\beta$ at $1$ bar pressure is given. ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{T}}$ and ${\mathrm{S}}_0$ are entropies of the phases at temperatures $\mathrm{T}$ and $0 \mathrm{K}$, respectively. The transition temperature for $\alpha$ to $\beta$ phase change is $600 \mathrm{K}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\beta }}-{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\alpha }}=1 \mathrm{J} {\mathrm{mol}}^{-1} {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$. Assume $\left({\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\beta }}-{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\alpha }}\right)$ is independent of temperature in the range of $200$ to $700 \mathrm{K}.{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\alpha }}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{p},\mathrm{\beta }}$ are heat capacities of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ phases, respectively.
The value of entropy change, ${\mathrm{S}}_{\beta }-{\mathrm{S}}_{\alpha }$ (in ${\mathrm{Jmol}}^{-1} {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$ ), at $300 \mathrm{K}$ is [Use: $\ln 2=0.69$0. Given: ${\mathrm{S}}_{\beta }-{\mathrm{S}}_{\alpha }=0$ at $0 \mathrm{K}$]

The dissociation constant of a substituted benzoic acid at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(1.0 \times 10^{-4}\). The \(\mathrm{pH}\) of \(0.01 \mathrm{M}\) solution of its sodium salt is

In allene \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{4}\right)\), the type(s) of hybridisation of the carbon atoms is (are):

Reaction of \(\mathbf{x}\) g of \(\mathrm{Sn}\) with \(\mathrm{HCl}\) quantitatively produced a salt. Entire amount of the salt reacted with \(\mathbf{y} g\) of nitrobenzene in the presence of required amount of \(\mathrm{HCl}\) to produce \(1.29 \mathrm{~g}\) of an organic salt (quantitatively).
(Use Molar masses (in \(\mathrm{g} \mathrm{mol}^{-1}\) ) of \(\mathrm{H}, \mathrm{C}, \mathrm{N}, \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{Cl}\) and \(\mathrm{Sn}\) as \(1,12,14,16,35\) and 119 , respectively).
The value of $\mathrm{y}$ is_________ .

When 100 mL of 1.0 M HCl was mixed with 100 mL of 1.0 M NaOH in an insulated beaker at constant pressure, a temperature increase of ${5.7}^{\mathrm{o}}\mathrm{C}$ was measured for the beaker and its contents (Expt.1). Because the enthalpy of neutralization of a strong acid with a strong base is a constant $(-57.0\mathrm{ }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{l}}^{-1})$ , this experiment could be used to measure the calorimeter constant. In a second experiment (Expt. 2), 100 mL of 2.0 M acetic acid $({\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{a}}=2.0\times {10}^{-5})$ was mixed with 100 mL of 1.0 M NaOH (under identical conditions to Expt. 1) where a temperature rise of ${5.6}^{\mathrm{o}}\mathrm{C}$ was measured. (Consider heat capacity of all solutions as $4.2\mathrm{ }\mathrm{J}\mathrm{ }{\mathrm{g}}^{-1}\mathrm{ }{\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$ and density of all solutions as $1.0\mathrm{ }\mathrm{g}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ )
Enthalpy of dissociation $\left(\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{J}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{l}}^{-1}\right)$ of acetic acid obtained from the Expt. 2 is

Let \(A_1, B_1, C_1\) be three points in the \(x y\)-plane. Suppose that the lines \(A_1 C_1\) and \(B_1 C_1\) are tangents to the curve \(y^2=8 x\) at \(A_1\) and \(B_1\), respectively. If \(O=(0,0)\) and \(C_1=(-4,0)\), then which of the following statements is (are) TRUE?

Consider the region \(R=\left\{(x, y) \in \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}: x \geq 0\right.\) and \(\left.y^{2} \leq 4-x\right\}\). Let \(\mathcal{F}\) be the family of all circles that are contained in \(R\) and have centers on the \(x\)-axis. Let \(C\) be the circle that has largest radius among the circles in \(\mathcal{F}\). Let \((\alpha, \beta)\) be a point where the circle \(C\) meets the curve \(y^{2}=4-x\).
The radius of the circles $C$ is____.

The \(\beta\)-decay process, discovered around 1900 , is basically the decay of a neutron \((n)\). In the laboratory, a proton \((p)\) and an electron \(\left(e^{-}\right)\)are observed as the decay products of the neutron. Therefore, considering the decay of a neutron as a two-body decay process, it was predicted theoretically that the kinetic energy of the electron should be a constant. But experimentally, it was observed that the electron kinetic energy has continuous spectrum. Considering a three-body decay process, i.e.
\(n \rightarrow p+e^{-}+\bar{v}_{e}\), around 1930, Pauli explained the observed electron energy spectrum. Assuming the anti-neutrino \(\left(\bar{v}_{e}\right)\) to be massless and possessing negligible energy, and the neutron to be at rest, momentum and energy conservation principles are applied. From this calculation, the maximum kinetic energy of the electron is \(0.8 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{eV}\). The kinetic energy carried by the proton is only the recoil energy.
Question:
What is the maximum energy of the anti-neutrino?

Let $f:\mathrm{ℝ}\to \mathrm{ℝ}$ be a differentiable function with $f\left(0\right)=0$. If $y=f\left(x\right)$ satisfies the differential equation $\frac{dy}{dx}=\left(2+5y\right)\left(5y-2\right)$, then the value of  $\underset{x\to -\infty }{\lim }f\left(x\right)$ is 

A list of species having the formula XZ4 is given below.
\(\text{XeF} _4, \text{SF} _4, \text{SiF} _4, \text{BF} _4^{-}, \text{BrF} _4^{-},\left[\text{Cu} \left(\text{NH} _3\right)_4\right]^{2+},\) \(\left[\text{FeCl} _4\right]^{2-},\left[\text{CoCl} _4\right]^{2-}\) and \(\left[\text{PtCl} _4\right]^{2-}\)
Defining shape on the basis of the location of X and Z atoms, the total number of species having a square planar shape is

The shape of \(\mathrm{XeO}_{2} \mathrm{~F}_{2}\) molecule is