A gas described by van der Waals' equation

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There are some deposits of nitrates and phosphates in earth's crust. Nitrates are more soluble in water. Nitrates are difficult to reduce under the laboratory conditions but microbes do it easily. Ammonia forms large number of complexes with transition metal ions. Hybridisation easily explains the ease of sigma donation capability of \(\mathrm{NH}_3\) and \(\mathrm{PH}_3\). Phosphine is a flammable gas and is prepared from white phosphorus.
Question:
White phosphorus on reaction with \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) gives \(\mathrm{PH}_3\) as one of the products. This is a

Consider the Bohr's model of a one-electron atom where the electron moves around the nucleus. In the following List-I contains some quantities for the $n^{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}}$ orbit of the atom and List-II contains options showing how they depend on $n$ .
 

List - I	List - II
(I) Radius of the $n^{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}}$ orbit	$\left(\mathrm{P}\right)$ $\propto n^{-2}$
(II) Angular momentum of the electron in the $n^{th}$ orbit	$\left(\mathrm{Q}\right)$ $\propto n^{-1}$
(III) Kinetic energy of the electron in the $n^{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}}$ orbit	$\left(\mathrm{R}\right)$ $\propto n^0$
(IV) Potential energy of the electron in the $n^{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}}$ orbit	$\left(\mathrm{S}\right)$ $\propto n^1$
	$\left(\mathrm{T}\right)$ $\propto n^2$
	$\left(\mathrm{U}\right)$ $\propto n^{1/2}$

Which of the following options has the correct combination considering List-I and List-II?

The reaction of white phosphorus with aqueous \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) gives phosphine along with another phosphorus containing compound. The reaction type; the oxidation states of phosphorus in phosphine and the other product are respectively

The surface of copper gets tarnished by the formation of copper oxide. $N_2$ gas was passed to prevent the oxide formation during heating of copper at 1250 K. However, the $N_2$ gas contains 1 mole % of water vapour as impurity. The water vapour oxidises copper as per the reaction given below:

$2Cu\left(s\right)+ H_{2}O\left(g\right)\to C{u}_{2}O\left(s\right) + H_2\left(g\right)$

$P_{H_2}$ Is the minimum partial pressure of $H_2$ (in bar) needed to prevent the oxidation at 1250 K. The value of $\ln \left(p{H}_2\right)$ is ____.

(Given: total pressure \(=1\) bar, R (universal gas constant) \(=8 J K ^{-1} mol^{-1}, \ln (10) =2.3 \cdot Cu (s)\) and \(Cu _2 O (s)\) are mutually immiscible.

At \(1250 K: 2 Cu ( s )+\frac{1}{2} O _2(g) \rightarrow Cu _2 O ( s ) ;\) \(\Delta G^{\ominus}=-78,000 J mol ^{-1}\)

\(H _2(g)+\frac{1}{2} O _2(g) \rightarrow H _2 O ( g ) ; \quad \Delta^{\ominus}=\)\(-1,78,000 J mol ^{-1} ; G\) is the Gibbs energy)/mi> \(\Theta=\) \(-78,000 J mol -1\)

\(H _2(g)+\frac{1}{2} O _2(g) \rightarrow H _2 O ( g ) ; \quad\)\(\Delta^{\ominus}=-1,78,000 J mol ^{-1} ; G\) is the Gibbs energy)

Hyperconjugation involves overlap of the following orbitals

Match the reactions (in the given stoichiometry of the reactants) in List-I with one of their products given in List-II and choose the correct option.

List - I	List - II
(P) \(P _2 O _3\) \(+~3 H _2 O \rightarrow\)	(1) \(P ( O )\left( OCH _3\right)\) \(Cl _2\)
(Q) \(P _4+3 NaOH\) \(+~3 H _2 O \rightarrow\)	(2) \(H _3 PO _3\)
(R) \(PCl _5+ CH _3\) \(COOH \rightarrow\)	(3) \(PH _3\)
(S) \(H _3 PO _2\) \(+~2 H _2 O ~+\) \(4 AgNO _3 \rightarrow\)	(4) \(POCL _3\)
	(5) \(H _3 PO _4\)

Let \(g_{i}:\left[\frac{\pi}{8}, \frac{3 \pi}{8}\right] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}, i=1,2\), and \(f:\left[\frac{\pi}{8}, \frac{3 \pi}{8}\right] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be functions such that \(g_{1}(x)=1, g_{2}(x)=|4 x-\pi|\) and \(f(x)=\sin ^{2} x\), for all \(x \in\left[\frac{\pi}{8}, \frac{3 \pi}{8}\right]\)

Define

\[

S_{i}=\int_{\frac{\pi}{8}}^{\frac{3 \pi}{8}} f(x) \cdot g_{i}(x) d x, \quad i=1,2

\]

The value of $\frac{16S_1}{\pi }$ is ___.

A free hydrogen atom after absorbing a photon of wavelength ${\mathrm{\lambda }}_{\mathrm{a}}$ gets excited from the state $\mathrm{n}=1$ to the state $\mathrm{n}=4.$ Immediately after that the electron jumps to $\mathrm{n}=\mathrm{m}$ state by emitting a photon of wavelength ${\mathrm{\lambda }}_{\mathrm{e}}.$ Let the change in momentum of atom due to the absorption and the emission are $\mathrm{\Delta }{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{a}}$ and $\mathrm{\Delta }{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{e}},$ respectively. If $\frac{{\mathrm{\lambda }}_{\mathrm{a}}}{{\lambda }_e}=\frac{1}{5}.$ Which of the option(s) is/are correct?
[Use $\mathrm{h}\mathrm{c}=1242\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m},1\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}={10}^{-9}\mathrm{m},$ $\mathrm{h}$ and $\mathrm{c}$ are Planck's constant and speed of light, respectively]

Column I showns four systems, each of the same length \(L\), for producing standing waves. The lowest possible natural frequency of a system is called its fundamental frequency, whose wavelength is denoted as \(\lambda_f\). Match each system with statements given in Column II describing the nature and wave length of the standing waves.

Let $f\left(x\right)=\frac{1-x(1+\left|1-x\right|)}{|1-x|}\cos \left(\frac{1}{1-x}\right) \mathrm{for} x\ne 1,$ then

Column I		Column II
$\left(\mathrm{A}\right)$	In a triangle $∆XYZ$ let $a,b$ and $\mathrm{c}$ be the lengths of the angles $X,Y$ and $\mathrm{Z}$, respectively. If $2\left(a^2-b^2\right)=c^2$ and $\lambda =\frac{\sin \left(X-Y\right)}{\mathrm{sinZ}}$then possible values of $n$ for which $\cos \left(n\pi \lambda \right)=0$ is are	$\left(\mathrm{P}\right)$	$1$
$\left(\mathrm{B}\right)$	In a triangle $\mathrm{\Delta }XYZ,$ let $a,b$ and $c$ be the lengths of the sides opposite to the angles $X,Y$ and $Z$, respectively. If $1+\cos 2x-2\cos 2y$$=2\sin x\sin y$, then possible value(s) of $\frac{a}{b}$ is (are)	$\left(\mathrm{Q}\right)$	$2$
$\left(\mathrm{C}\right)$	In ${\mathbb{R}}^2,$ let $\sqrt{3}\mathrm{ }\hat{\mathrm{i}}+\hat{\mathrm{j}},\mathrm{ }\hat{\mathrm{i}}+\sqrt{3}\mathrm{ }\hat{\mathrm{j}}$ and $\beta \hat{\mathrm{i}}+\left(1-\beta \right)\mathrm{ }\hat{\mathrm{j}}$ be the position vectors of $X,Y$ and $Z$ with respect to the origin $O$, respectively. If the distance of $Z$ from the bisector of the acute angle of $\overrightarrow{OX}$ with $\overrightarrow{OY}$ is $\frac{3}{\sqrt{2}}$, then possible value (s) of $\left|\beta \right|$ is (are)	$\left(\mathrm{R}\right)$	$3$
$\left(\mathrm{D}\right)$	Suppose that $F\left(\alpha \right)$ denotes the area of the region bounded by $x=0,\mathrm{ }x=2, y^2=4x$ and$y=\left|ax-1\right|+$$\left|\alpha x-2\right|+\alpha x,$  where $\alpha \in \left\{0, 1\right\}.$ Then the value (s) of $F\left(\alpha \right)+\frac{8}{3} \sqrt{2},$ when $\alpha =0$ and $\alpha =1$, is (are)	$\left(\mathrm{S}\right)$	$5$
		$\left(\mathrm{T}\right)$	$6$

 

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Carbon-14 is used to determine the age of organic material. The procedure is based on the formation of \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) by neutron capture in the upper atmosphere.
\(
{ }_7^{14} \mathrm{~N}+{ }_0^1 n \longrightarrow{ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C}+{ }_1 n^1
\)
\({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) is absorbed by living organisms during photosynthesis. The \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) content is constant in living organism once the plant or animal dies, the uptake of carbon dioxide by it ceases and the level of \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) in the dead being, falls to the decay which \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) undergoes.
\(
{ }_6^{14} \mathrm{C} \longrightarrow{ }_7^{14} \mathrm{~N}+\beta^{-}
\)
The half life period of \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) is 5770 years. The decay constant \((\lambda)\) can be calculated by using the following formula \(\lambda=\frac{0.693}{t_{1 / 2}}\).
The comparison of the \(\beta^{-}\)activity of the dead matter with that of the carbon still in circulation enables measurement of the period of the isolation of the material from the living cycle. The method however, ceases to be accurate over periods longer than 30,000 years. The proportion of \({ }^{14} \mathrm{C}\) to \({ }^{12} \mathrm{C}\) in living matter is \(1: 10^{12}\).
Question:
A nuclear explosion has taken place leading to increase in concentration of \(C^{14}\) in nearby areas. \(\mathrm{C}^{14}\) concentration is \(C_1\) in nearby areas and \(C_2\) in areas far away. If the age of the fossil is determined to be \(T_1\) and \(T_2\) at the places respectively then