If \(\mathrm{ppCO}_2\) is high and pH is low, then it will result in
i. increase in affinity of haemoglobin for \(\mathrm{O}_2\)
ii. decrease in affinity of haemoglobin for \(\mathrm{O}_2\)
iii. oxygen dissociation curve shifts to left
iv. causes release of \(\mathrm{O}_2\) for diffusion into tissue cells
v. \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\)and \(\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}\)ions combine to form carbonic acid

Apply the relevant identity from the chapter and substitute the values established in the previous step, keeping the original constraint in view.

Use the simplified expression to isolate the unknown, then plug the result back into the question setup to confirm the working is internally consistent.

Cross-check against a boundary or limiting case. Both the dimensional balance and the qualitative behaviour at the extreme should agree with the candidate answer.

Combine the steps above to identify the correct option. The remaining choices each fail at least one of the consistency, dimensional, or boundary checks.