What is the product of the following reaction?
\(R - CH _2- COOH \xrightarrow[(i i) H _2 O ]{( i ) X _2 / \text { Red phosphorus }( X = Cl , Br )}\) ?

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Aldehydes and ketones are important organic compounds prepared mainly by oxidation of alcohols. Primary alcohols give aldehyde and secondary alcohols yield ketones. Aldehydes can also be formed by partial reduction of acid chlorides, reduction of esters or by Gattermann-Koch reaction. Ketones are prepared by Friedel-Craft's acylation, hydration of alkyne and reaction of Grignard's reagent with nitriles. Chemically, aldehydes and ketones are reactive in nature due to the carbonyl group and undergo nucleophilic addition reactions. Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones and can be oxidized to carboxylic acids, while both can be reduced to alcohols or hydrocarbons and exhibit condensation reaction.
When two moles of benzaldehyde are heated with concentrated NaOH solution, the product/s obtained is/are:

It was found that \(0.1 mol L ^{-1}\) of ammonia took 200 s to be decomposed to half the initial concentration. If the decomposition follows zero order reaction, then the rate constant is

What is the order of hydrolysis of methyl acetate in acidic medium?

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Carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids play an important role in the biochemical process of plants and animal kingdom.
Many aldehydes and ketones find applications in dye, perfumery and other industries.
The carbonyl carbon atom is \(s p^2\)-hybridized forming three sigma and one pi-bond with oxygen.
C-O bonds are polar bond due to high electronegativity of oxygen than carbon.
Hence the carbonyl carbon behaves as an electrophilic center and oxygen as a nucleophilic centre.
Primary and secondary alcohols yield aldehydes and ketones respectively upon oxidation with variety of oxidixing agents.
The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones differ from hydrocarbons and ethers.
Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reaction due to presence of electrophilic carbonyl carbon.
Nucleophile and a proton add across the carbon oxygen double bond.
The starting compound (Y) in the following reaction is
\(Y \xrightarrow{\text { axidation }} \text { aldehyde } \xrightarrow{\text { oxidation }} \text { carboxylic acids }\)

Match List-l with List-II

List-l (Test)	List-II (Identification)
(A) Hinsberg's Test	(I) Primary, Secondary and tertiary Amines
(B) Isocyanide test	(II) Aliphatic and Aromatic primary amines
(C) Azo dye test	(III) Primary Aromatic amines
(D) Tollen's Test	(IV) Reducing sugars

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The structural feature in carbonyl compound for Aldol condensation

In which type of RNA, methyl guanosine triphosphate capping is added to 5'-end ?

If \(A\) is a square matrix such that \(A^2=A\) and \(I\) is the identify matrix of the same order as \(A\) then \((I+2 A)^3-6 A\) is equal to

Which of the following statements are correct?
(A) In reverse bias of a p-n junction, negative terminal of the battery is connected to p-side of the junction,
(B) Reverse bias does not support the potential barrier at the junction.
(C) In reverse bias, a few minority charge carriers cross the junction.
(D) Resistance of p-n junction is high in reverse bias, reducing the current to a negligible value.
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Haloalkanes undergo nucelophilic substitution reactions owing to the polarity of C X bond. The nucleophile reacts with the haloalkane on the carbon possessing a partial positive charge holding the halogen atom. The halogen atom \(X\) is replaced by a nucleophile. Depending on the kinetics and mode of bond breaking, the mechanism can be either SN1 or SN2 reaction. The rate of SN1 reaction is governed by the stability of carbocation and in SN2 reaction, the rate of reaction is governed by steric factor. Chirality is the main factor in both SN1and SN2. In SN1 reaction, the chirality of alkyl halide is accompanied by racemization of the product, while in SN2 reaction, the product is characterized by inversion of configuration. The structure of alkyl halide and the nature of the solvent also governs the mechanism of the substitution.
What is chiral carbon ?

The parameter to be increased in order to increase the angular magnification of a simple microscope is

The relation R on the set of real numbers defined by \(R=\left\{(a, b): a \leq b^2\right\}\) is
(A) Reflexive
(B) Not symmetric
(C) Neither reflexive nor transitive
(D) Transitive
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