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Replacement of a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon by an alkoxy or carboxyl group yields a class of compounds known as ethers. Ethers are classified as symmetrical or unsymmetrical on the basis of groups attached to the oxygen atoms. Diethyl ether, a symmetrical ether, has been widely used as an inhalation anesthetic. Ethers can be prepared by acid catalyzed intermolecular dehydration of alcohols and Williamson's synthesis. Acid catalyzed dehydration of alcohols is not generally preferred as it gives a mixture of elimination and substitution products. In Williamson's synthesis, an alkyl halide is allowed to react with sodium alkoxide. Ethers containing substituted Alkyl groups may also be prepared by this method. The C-O bond in ether is weakly polar and is cleaved under drastic conditions with excess of hydrogen halides. In electrophilic substitution, the alkoxy group deactivates the aromatic ring and directs the incoming group to ortho and para positions.
In Williamson synthesis, the alkoxide ion attacks the alkyl halide via which pathway?

Among the following, which is the correct set of reducing agents for conversion of nitrobenzene into aniline?
(A) \(H _2 / Pd\)
(B) \(Sn + HCl\)
(C) \(Fe + HCl\)
(D) \(NaBH _4\)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Name the reagent required to convert cyclohexene into hexane-1, 6-dioic acid.

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The resistance ( \(R\) ) of an object is given by the expression \(R=\rho \frac{l}{A}\).
The inverse of \(R\) is called conductance and the inverse of \(\rho\) is called conductivity or specific conductance represented by \(\kappa\).
The conductivity depends upon the nature of the material (insulator, semiconductor or conductor) and the temperature of the substance.
Similarly, the conductance due to the ions present in the solution (ionic conductance) depends upon the nature of the electrolyte, size of ions, the nature of the solvent and the temperature.
Molar conductivity ( \(\Lambda_m\) ) of a solution at a given concentration is the conductance of volume \(V\) containing one mole of electrolyte kept between two electrodes of area \(A\) and unit distance apart. It is given by the expression \(\Lambda_m=\kappa V\).
Molar conductivity increases with decrease in concentration and when concentration approaches zero, it is called limiting molar conductivity.
The decrease is linear for a strong electrolyte. However, for a weak electrolyte the change is gradual at higher concentrations and sharp near zero concentration.
Using limiting molar conductivity values of strong electrolytes we can calculate the limiting molar conductivity of weak electrolytes using Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions.
From molar conductivity and limiting molar conductivity we can determine the degree of dissociation \(\left(\frac{\Lambda_m}{\Lambda_m^0}\right)\) and the ionization constant of a weak acid.
Which of the following is an insulator?

The standard reduction potentials of \(Mg^{2+}/Mg, Pb^{2+}/Pb\) and \(Sn^{2+}/Sn\)
are \(-2.36, -0.13\) and \(-0.14\) V respectively.
The reaction \(X + Y^{2+} \rightarrow X^{2+} + Y\) will be spontaneous when :

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When a ligand is bound to a metal ion through a single donor atom, it is said to be a unidentate ligand but when it bind through two donor atoms, then it is said to be didentate ligand and when several donor atoms are present in a single ligand, it is said to be a polydentate ligand. When a di- or polydentate ligand uses its two or more donor atoms simultaneously to bind a single metal ion, it is said to be a chelate ligand. The number of such ligating groups is called the denticity of the ligand. ligand which has two different donor atoms and either of the two ligetes in the complex is called ambidentate ligands. The number of ligand donor atoms to which the metal is directly bonded, is called coordination number of the metal ion in the complex. Complexes in which a metal is bound to only one kind of donor groups are known as homoleptic and in which a metal is bound to more than one kind of donor groups are known as heteroleptic complexes.
Which of the following molecule/ion is not expected to behave as a ligand?

Select the correct combination of coordination number and type of hybridization, respectively, in "trigonal bipyramidal" complex

In a cyclotron, if a deutron can gain a maximum energy of 40 MeV, then a proton can gain a maximum energy of _________

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The term vitamin was coined from the word vital +amine since the earlier identified compounds had amino groups.Later work showed that most of them didn't contain amino groups, so the letter "e" was dropped and ther term vitamin is used these days.
Vitamins are classified into two groups depending upon their solubility in water or fat. Fat soluble vitamins are soluble in fat and oils but insoluble in water. They are stored in liver and adipose (fat storing) tissues. Water-soluble vitamins are soluble in water. They must be supplied regularly in the diet as they are readily excreated in urine.
What is Xerophthalmia disease?

A hot wire voltmeter measures the voltages across the inductor, the capacitor and the resistor as 150 V, 100 V and 50 V across a series, LCR circuit. If resistance is \( 100 \, \Omega \), the current in the circuit is :

Nowadays, biofertilisers are available in the market. Select the correct statements regarding biofertilisers given below:
(A) Biofertilisers increase the soil fertility.
(B) Biofertilisers kill the pathogenic microbes
(C) Biofertilisers increase the iron content in the soil
(D) Biofertilisers increase the crop production.
(E) Excess use of biofertilisers causes water and soil pollution.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Which of following statements are true about DNA structure?
A. DNA is made of two polynucleotide chains
B. The two chains have anti-parallel polarity
C. The two chains are coiled in a left-handed fashion
D. Distance between a base pairs in a helix is approximately equal to 3.4 nanometre
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

The values of \(x\) which satisfy the inequality \(|x-3|<2\) lie in :