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Carboxylic acids are the organic compounds which comprise of carboxyl functional group, -COOH. These are generally found in nature, some higher members are known as fatty acids as they occur in natural fats as esters of glycerol. They can be prepared from oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes, hydrolysis of nitriles and amides and Grignard reagents. They are stronger acids than simple phenols and alcohols. but weaker than mineral acids. Substituents affect the acidity of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids. They undergo reactions involving cleavage of -OH and C-OH bond. Carboxylic acids having an alpha hydrogen get halogenated in the presence of red phosphorus to form alpha halo carboxylic acids. The reaction is known as Hell Volhard Zelinsky reaction. Besides these aromatic carboxylic acids undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. They are versatile and are employed in the manufacture of various useful compounds. For example, methanoic acid is used in rubber, textile, dyeing, leather and electroplating industries. Higher fatty acids are used in the manufacture of soaps and detergents. Esters of Benzoic acid are used in perfumery.
Benzoic acid in the presence of conc. \(HNO _3\) and conc. \(H _2 SO _4\) gives major product as:

Chemically, which of the following hormones is a polypeptide?

The correct expression and unit of molar conductivity (\(\Lambda_{m}\)) are:

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The degeneracy of the \(d\) orbitals has been removed due to ligand electron-metal electron repulsions in the octahedral comple: to yield three orbitals of lower energy, \(t_{2 g}\) set and two orbitals of higher energy, \(e_g\) set. This splitting of the degenerate levels due to the presence of ligands in a definite geometry is termed as crystal field splitting and the energy separation is denoted by \(\Delta_0\). Thus energy of the two \(e_g\) orbitals will increase by \((3 / 5) \Delta_0\) and that of three \(t_{2 g}\) will decrease by \((2 / 5) \Delta_0\). The crystal field splitting \(\Delta_0\) depends upon the field produced by the ligand and charge on the metal ion. Some ligands are able to produce strong fields, in which case the splitting will be large, whereas others produce weak fields and consequently result in small splitting of \(d\) orbitals. Relative magnitude of crystal field splitting energy \(\Delta_0\) and pairing energy, \(P\) (energy required for electron paring in a single orbital) determine the formation of low spin ( \(\Delta_0>P\) ) or high spin ( \(\Delta_0<P\) ) complex. In tetrahedral coordination entity formation, the \(d\)-orbital splitting is inverted and is smaller as compared to the octahedral field splitting. The crystal field theory attributes the colour of the complex to \(d-d\) transition of the electron. The colour of the coordination compounds depends on the crystal field splitting. In the absence of ligand, crystal field splitting does not occur and hence the substance is colourless.
Which of the following complex is not expected to be coloured?

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In the periodic table, the d-block contains the elements of group \(3\) to \(12\). The d-orbitals are progressively filled in each of the four long periods. The elements of d block referred as transition metals have partly filled d orbitals and exhibit certain characteristic properties such as variety of oxidation states, formation of coloured ions, act as catalyst and show paramagnetic behaviour.
The two inner transition metals series \(4f\) and \(5f\) are known as Lanthanoids and Actinoids respectively. The lanthanoids resemble one another more closely as compared to ordinary transition elements in any series.
For the four successive transition elements given below, the stability of +2 oxidation state will be:
A. \(\operatorname{Cr}( Z =24)\)
B. \(Mn ( Z =25)\)
C. \(Fe ( Z =26)\)
D. \(Co ( Z =27)\)
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What is the IUPAC name of m-cresol?

IUPAC name of the following compound is :

The mean of the numbers obtained on throwing a die having 1 on three faces, 2 on two faces and 5 on one face is:

The region represented by the system of inequalities \(x, y \geq 0 ;-2 x+y \leq 4 ; x+y \geq 3\) and \(x-2 y \leq 2\) is

The direction cosines of the line
\(x-y+z-5=0\) and \(x-3 y-6=0\) are:

If \(A=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0 & x^2-6 & -3 \\ -x & 0 & -8 \\ x^2-2 x & 8 & 0\end{array}\right]\) is a skew symmetric matrix, then the value(s) of \(x\) is/ are -
(A) 3
(B) -3
(C) -2
(D) -1
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To remove an electron from the first orbit to infinity of hydrogen atom, the amount of energy required will be :

Which of the following are correct statements?
A. The resistivity of a material is found to be dependent on the temperature
B. In metals number of free electrons per unit volume is not dependent on temperature.
C. Resistivity of semiconductors increases with increasing temperature
D. Resistivity of metal increases with increase in temperature
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