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Aldehydes and ketones are important organic compounds prepared mainly by oxidation of alcohols. Primary alcohols give aldehyde and secondary alcohols yield ketones. Aldehydes can also be formed by partial reduction of acid chlorides, reduction
of esters or by Gattermann-Koch reaction. Ketones are prepared by Friedel-Craft's acylation, hydration of alkyne and reaction of Grignard's reagent with nitriles. Chemically, aldehydes and ketones are reactive in nature due to the carbonyl group and undergo nucleophilic addition reactions. Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones and can be oxidized to carboxylic acids, while both can be reduced to alcohols or hydrocarbons and exhibit condensation reaction.
Hydration of propyne in the presence of \(H _2 SO _4\) and \(HgSO _4\) gives

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Alcohols and phenols are formed when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic and aromatic respectively is replaced by -OH group. These are further classified on the basis of number of hydroxy groups and according to the hybridization of the carbon atom \(sp ^2\) or \(sp ^3\) to which the -OH group is attached. They find applications in industry as well as in day-to-day life. One of the most commercially obtained alcohol also known as wood spirit is obtained by destructive distillation of wood. Both alcohols and phenols are acidic in nature. The acidity of alcohols and phenols vary according to the nature of substituent(s) attached to them. Alcohols and phenols react with carboxylic acids, acid chlorides and acid anhydrides to form esters. Introduction of acetyl group in alcohols and phenols is called acetylation. Phenol undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction because the -OH activates the benzene ring. It undergoes nitration, halogenation and sulphonation reactions.
When phenol is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, then it gets converted into phenol-2,4-disulphonic acid \(( X )\). On further treatment of X with conc. nitric acid, product Y is formed. Identify Y .

The partial vapour pressure of an electrolyte at the following concentrations,
decreases in the order
(A) 0.5 M
(B) 0.1 M
(C) 0.05 M
(D) 0.001 M
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If two substances A and B have \(P^o_A: P^o_B = 1 : 2\) and have mole fraction in the ratio \(1:2\), then mole fraction of A in vapours is:

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Aldehydes, carboxylic acids and ketones are widespread in the animal and plant kingdoms. They play a pivotal role in various biochemical processes of life. Their presence in nature adds fragrance and flavor. These compounds are widely used in food products, pharmaceuticals, paints, resins and other important product industries. These compounds are prepared by various laboratory methods, which mainly include oxidation, formylation, acylation and reduction. Due to the polar nature of the carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones, they can exhibit different reactions like nucleophilic addition. They do exhibit redox and various condensation reactions which lead to the formation of various important compounds. On the other hand, the carboxylic acids are mainly prepared by oxidation and hydrolysis of different compounds. The carboxylic acid consists of a carbonyl group and the hydroxy group (attached to the carbonyl carbon atom). This makes it possible for the carboxylic acid to participate in various chemical reactions which involve cleavage of the C-OH bond and the O-H bond along with the reactions involving the complete - COOH group.
The IUPAC name of following compound is \(OHC-C_6H_4-CHO-p\)

Which of the pair(s) are correctly matched?

Colloid Type	Example
(A) Liquid in solids	Gem stones
(B) Solid in liquid	Cell fluids
(C) Solid in Gas	Mist
(D) Gas in liquid	Pumice stone
(E) Liquid in Solid	Butter

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Calculate the molality of 25 g of ethanoic acid \(CH(_3\)\(\mathrm{COOH}\)) in 250 g benzene

If a pink flowered Snapdragon plant is crossed with a white flowered Snapdragon plant, what will be the phenotypic ratio of their progeny?

For \(x>0\), the minimum value of \(\frac{x}{\log _e x}\) is

\(\int_0^2|x-1| d x=\)

Match List-l with List-ll

List-I	List-II
(A) Integrating factor of \(x d y-\left(y+x^2\right) d x=0\)	(I) \(x^2\)
(B) Integrating factor of \(x d y+\left(2 y+x^2\right) d x=0\)	(II) \(x^3\)
(C) Integrating factor of \(\left(3 y-x^2\right) d x+x d y=0\)	(III) \(x\)
(D) Integrating factor of \(\left(y+3 x^2\right) d x+x d y=0\)	(IV) \(\frac{1}{x}\)

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Match List - I with List - II.

List – I (Conversion)	List - II (Reagent)
(A) Conversion of phenol to salicylaldehyde	(1) Zinc dust
(B) Conversion of phenol to benzene	(II) \(Na _2 Cr _2 O _7 / H _2 SO _4\)
(C) Conversion of phenol to benzoquinone	(III) NaOH and \(CO _2 / H ^{+}\)
(D) Conversion of phenol to o-hydroxybenzoic acid	(IV) \(CHCl _3+\) aq. NaOH

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If \(x=a \sin ^3 t\) and \(y=a \cos ^3 t\), then \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) is equal to :