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The crystal field theory (CFT) is an electrostatic model which considers the metal-ligand bond to be ionic arising purely from electrostatic interactions between the metal ion and the ligand. Ligands are treated as point charges in case of anions or dipoles in case of neutral molecules. The five d orbitals in an isolated gaseous metal atom/ion have same energy, i.e., they are degenerate. This degeneracy is maintained if a spherically symmetrical field of negative charges surrounds the metal atom/ion. However, when this negative field is due to ligands (either anions or the negative ends of dipolar molecules like NH3 and H2O) in a complex, it becomes asymmetrical and the degeneracy of the d orbitals is lifted. It results in splitting of the d orbitals. The pattern of splitting depends upon the nature of the crystal field.
If the fourth electron in d subshell enters one of the eg orbitals in octahedral complexes, it indicates that

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P block elements are placed in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table. Their valence shell electronic configuration is \(ns^2 np^{1-6}\). Group 16 of the p block elements are known as the group of chalcogens having \(ns^2 np^4\) as their general electronic configuration. They exhibit number of oxidation states but the stability of \(- 2\) oxidation state decreases down the group. They are sometimes also known as group of chalcogens as the name is derived from the Greek word for brass and points to the association of sulphur and its congeners with copper. Their ionisation enthalpy decreases down the group. Oxygen shows anomalous behaviour due to its small size and high electronegativity.
Given below are the Hydrides formed by group 15 elements. Choose the correct decreasing order of basicity of the following hydrides :
(A) \(AsH_3\)
(B) \(PH_3\)
(C) \(NH_3\)
(D) \(BiH_3\)
(E) \(SbH_3\)
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Assuming \(\text{[NiCl}_4\text{]}^{2-}\) as Complex-A and \(\text{[Ni(CO)}_4\text{]}\) as Complex-B, choose the correct statement.
(Atomic number of Ni = 28)

Werner was the first to describe the bonding features in coordination compounds. But his theory could not answer basic questions like :
(i) Why only certain elements possess the remarkable property of forming coordination compounds ?
(ii) Why the bonds in coordination compounds have directional properties ?
(iii) Why coordination compounds have characteristics magnetic and optical properties ?
Many approaches have been put forth to explain the nature of bonding in coordination compounds viz. Valence Bond Theory (VBT), Crystal Field Theory (CFT), Ligand Field Theory (LFT) and Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT).
We shall focus our attention on elementary treatment of the application of VBT and CFT to coordination compounds.
According to this theory, the metal atom or ion under the influence of ligands can use its ( \(n -1\) )d, ns np or ns, np, nd orbitals for hybridisation to yield a set of equivalent orbitals of definite geometry such as octahedral, tetrahedral, square planar and so on.
These hybridised orbitals are allowed to overlap with ligand orbitals that can donate electron pairs for bonding.
Which of the following pair of ions is colourless according to CFT ?

Which of the following is incorrect?

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Carbohydrates such as cane sugar, glucose, starch etc. belong to a class of naturally occurring organic compounds. Structurally these are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or the compounds which produce such units on hydrolysis. Carbohydrates which are sweet in taste are called sugars. Theses sugars can be reducing or non-reducing. Monosaccharides cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler units whereas Oligosaccharides yield two to ten monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. Polysaccharides yield large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. This class of biomolecules is essential for living systems as they serve as storage molecules in plants and animals. In addition, they provide raw materials for important industries like furniture, textiles, paper, lacquers and breweries. Two aldopentose form important constituents of nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are also called saccharides (Greek: sakcharon which means sugar). Sugar which is used in household and in milk also comes under this class of biomolecules.
Sucrose on hydrolysis yields

Read the passage carefully and answer the Questions In the formation of coordination complexes, if the inner \(d\) orbital \((n-1) d\) is used in hybridisation, the complex, is called an inner orbital or low spin or spin paired complex. And if it uses outer \(d\) orbital ( \(n d\) ) in hybridisation (like \(s p^3 d^2\) ), it is called outer orbital or high spin or spin free complex. The degeneracy of the \(d\) orbitals has been removed due to ligand electron-metal electron repulsions in the complex. This splitting of the degenerate levels due to the presence of ligands in a definite geometry is termed as crystal field splitting. For coordination complexes, the magnetic moment is determined by the number of unpaired electrons and is calculated by using the 'spin-only' formula, \(\mu=\sqrt{n(n+2)}\) where \(n\) is the number of unpaired electrons and \(\mu\) is the magnetic moment in units of Bohr magneton (BM). The coordination compounds are of great importance. These compounds are widely present in the mineral, plant and animal worlds and are known to play many important functions in the area of analytical chemistry, metallurgy, biological systems, industry and medicine.
\(\left[ Co \left( NH _3\right)_6\right]^{3+}\) and \(\left[ Ni \left( NH _3\right)_6\right]^{2+}\) respectively are

A boat can row at the speed of 16 km/hr in still water. If the river is flowing at 8 km/hr, and it takes 8 hours for a round trip, then the distance between the two places is :

'Terror of Bengal' is another name of:

Molar mass of a non-volatile solute (in g/mol) in its \(10\%\) by mass aqueous solution showing \(2\%\) decrease in its vapour pressure is :

Match List - I with List - II.

List - I (lon)	List - II (Magnetic Moment (BM))
(A) \(V^{2+}\)	(1) 1.73
(A) \(Ni ^{2+}\)	(II) 3.87
(C) \(Cu ^{2+}\)	(III) 4.90
(D) \(Cr ^{2+}\)	(IV) 2.84

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What will be the product formed when crude metal of Zirconium is heated in an evacuated vessel with iodine?

Under forward-bias of a p-n diode
(A) p-side of the diode is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and n-side to the
negative terminal
(B) p-side of the diode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery and n-side to the
positive terminal
(C) The direction of the applied voltage (V) is opposite to the built-in potential drop
(D) The direction of the applied voltage (V) is the same as the built-in potential drop
(E) The magnitude of the diode forward current is usually in mA
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :