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One of the notable features of the transition element is the great variety of oxidation states it may show in its compounds. The elements which give the greatest number of oxidation states occur in or near the middle of the series. Manganese, for example exhibits all the oxidation states from +2 to +7. The lesser number of oxidation states at the extreme ends is either due to losing or sharing of few electrons (Sc, Ti) or too many d electrons of higher valence. Early in the first series scandium (II) is virtually unknown and titanium (IV) which is more stable than Ti (III) or Ti (II). On the other end, the only oxidation state of zinc is \(+ 2\).
Cris reducing but Mn is oxidising in nature although both have \(d ^{ 1 }\) configuration. It is due to the reason that Cr configuration changes from

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A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which a substance is dispersed (dispersed phase) as fine particles in another substance called dispersion medium.
Their particle size is intermediate between that of pure solutions (less than 1 nm) and suspensions (greater than 1000 nm). They are known for interesting properties such as enormous surface area, Tyndall effect, Brownian motion etc.
They are widely used in industries and day to day life.
Some prominent uses of colloids are those in smoke precipitators, purification of water, medicines, cleansers etc.
Which of the following statement is false regarding charge on sol particles ?

Match List-I with List-II

List-I (Aqueous Solutions)	List-II (Depression in freezing point (\(\Delta T_{f}\)) expression)
(A) \(0.2 \text{ mol } kg^{-1} Al_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}\)	(I) \(2K_{f}\)
(B) \(0.3 \text{ mol } kg^{-1} Na_{2}SO_{4}\)	(II) \(K_{f}\)
(C) \(1 \text{ mol } kg^{-1} KCl\)	(III) \(0.9K_{f}\)
(D) \(0.1 \text{ mol } kg^{-1} K_{3}[Fe(CN)_{6}]\)	(IV) \(0.4K_{f}\)

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Why do the actinoids exhibit a higher number of oxidation states than lanthanoids?

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The term vitamin was coined from the word vital +amine since the earlier identified compounds had amino groups. Later work showed that most of them didn't contain amino groups. They are very essential for the body. They has to be taken various diet or in the form of medicines also.
Vitamins are classified into two groups depending upon their solubility in water or fat.
Fat soluble vitamins are soluble in fat and oils but insoluble in water. They are stored in liver and adipose (fat storing) tissues Water-soluble vitamins are soluble in water. These must be supplied regularly in diet because they are readily excreated in urine and cannot be stored in our body.
Deficiency of Scurvy disease leads to

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their solubility in water :
(A) n-butanol
(B) Butan-1-amine
(C) Methanamine
(D) Aniline

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Chloroform is a very useful solvent for oils, fats and waxes and many organic compounds. It can also be used for preserving biological specimens. Chloroform was used as a general anaesthetic in surgery for a long time but because of its toxic nature, it is no longer used these days.
Chloroform is useful for us because :

Identify the correct statement for the species diversity.

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Aldehydes and ketones represent two essential classes of organic compounds which are extensively used in the synthesis of a wide variety of other organic molecules. Due to the inherent polarity of the central carbonyl group, these substances readily undergo nucleophilic addition reactions. Broadly speaking, these addition reactions can be categorized into two types: one in which simple addition of the nucleophilic reagent occurs across the \(> C = O\) bond, and the second type where the initial addition is subsequently followed by the elimination of a water molecule. A variety of ammonia derivatives, including hydroxylamine, hydraaine, phenylhydraxine, 2,4-dinitroplhemylhdrasine, and semicarbaside, all belong to this second category of reactions. These specific derivatives are fundamentally used for the identification and definitive characterization of aldehydes and ketones. Significantly, both types of nucleophilic addition reactions are strongly influenced by both steric and electronic factors. As a general rule, aliphatic aldehydes exhibit higher reactivity compared to aromatic aldehydes. The aliphatic aldehydes demonstrate the ability to reduce both Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent, whereas aromatic aldehydes are limited to reducing only Tollen's reagent. In a similar manner to aldehydes, aromatic ketones are observed to be less reactive than aliphatic ketones towards all nucleophilic addition reactions. In a separate context, phenols and carboxylic acids both exhibit acidic properties in nature. Both classes of compounds readily dissolve in NaOH solution and cause blue litmus to turn red. However, carboxylic acids stand out as much stronger acids than phenols and thus can decompose sodium bicarbonate \(\left( NaHCO _3\right)\) with the distinct evolution of \(CO _2\) gas, a reaction which phenols do not undergo. It is important to note that both electron- donating and electron- withdrawing substituents significantly influence the acid strength of both aliphatic as well as aromatic carboxylic acids. Furthermore, unlike all other common aliphatic acids, formic acid uniquely possesses reducing properties and simultaneously does not display the typical reactions characteristic of the allyl group.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
A. Aldehydes give positive test with Tollen's reagent.
B. Ketones give positive test with Fehling's solution
C. Ketones do not react with Fehling's solution.
D. Aldehydes with Schiff's reagent restore pink colour
E. Ketones with Schiff's reagent restore pink colour.
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Match List-I with List - II.

List - I	List - II
(A) Salmonella typhimurium	(I) Thermostable DNA polymerase
(B) Thermus aquaticus	(II) First recombinant DNA
(C) Bacteriophage	(III) Cry protein
(D) Bacillus thuringiensis	(IV) Cloning vector

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Nitrogen differs from rest of the members of group 15 due to its small size, high electronegativity, high ionization enthalpy and non-availability of d orbitals. Nitrogen has unique ability to form pa - pa multiple bonds with itself and with other elements having small size and high electronegativity. Heavier elements of this group do not form pa - pr bonds as their atomic orbitals are so large and diffuse that they cannot have effective overlapping.
Group 15 elements forms oxides of type \(E _2 O _3\). Acidic oxides are formed by
A. Bi
B. Sb
C. P
D. As
E. N
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Which of the following factors can influence Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
(A) Natural Selection
(B) Genetic recombination
(C) Gene flow
(D) Mutation
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If \(\left[\begin{array}{ll}1 & 0 \\ b & 5\end{array}\right]+2\left[\begin{array}{cc}a & 0 \\ 1 & -2\end{array}\right]=I\), where \(I\) is the unit matrix of order 2 , then the value of \((a-b)\) is :