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A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which a substance is dispersed (dispersed phase) as fine particles in another substance called dispersion medium.
Their particle size is intermediate between that of pure solutions (less than 1 nm) and suspensions (greater than 1000 nm). They are known for interesting properties such as enormous surface area, Tyndall effect, Brownian motion etc.
They are widely used in industries and day to day life.
Some prominent uses of colloids are those in smoke precipitators, purification of water, medicines, cleansers etc.
Which of the following electrolyte exhibits maximum flocculating power in the coagulation of a positive metal hydroxide sol?

The osmotic pressure of the equimolar solutions of the following at the same temperature will increase in the order:
(A) NaCl
(B) \(K_{2}SO_{4}\)
(C) \(K_{3}[Fe(CN)_{6}]\)
(D) \(NH_{2}CONH_{2}\)
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The correct shape \(\&\) hybridisation for \(XeF_2\) are:

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According to Valence Bond theory, the metal atom or ion under the influence of ligands can use its ( \(n-1\) )d, ns, np or ns, np, nd orbitals for hybridisation to yield a set of equivalent orbitals of definite geometry such as octahedral, tetrahedral, square planar and so on. These hybridised orbitals are allowed to overlap with ligand orbitals that can donate electron pairs for bonding. While the VB theory, to a larger extent, explains the formation, structures and magnetic behaviour of coordination compounds, it suffers from the many shortcomings. The Crystal field theory (CFT) is an electrostatic model which considers the metal-ligand bond to be ionic arising purely from electrostatic interactions between the metal ion and the ligand. The five \(d\) orbitals in an isolated gaseous metal atom/ion have same energy, i.e., they are degenerate. This degeneracy is maintained if a spherically symmetrical field of negative charges surrounds the metal atom/ion. However, when this negative field is due to ligands in a complex, it becomes asymmetrical and the degeneracy of the \(d\) orbitals is lifted. It results in splitting of the \(d\) orbitals. The pattern of splitting depends upon the nature of the crystal field.
Which among the following are diamagnetic complexes?
\(\left[Ni(CN)_4\right]^{2-},\left[Co\left(C_2O_4\right)_3\right]^{3-},\left[Fe(CN)_6\right]^{4-},\left[CoF_6\right]^{3-},\left[Mn(CN)_6\right]^{3-}\)

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Nearly all the transition elements display typical metallic properties such as high tensile strength, ductility, malleability, high thermal and electrical conductivity and metallic lustre. The transition metals (with the exception of Zn, Cd and Hg) are very hard and have low volatility. Their melting and boiling points are high. They have high enthalpies of atomization. lons of the same charge in a given series show progressive decrease in radius with increasing atomic number. However, the variation within a series is quite small. The filling of 4f before 5d orbital results in a regular decrease in atomic radii called Lanthanoid contraction which essentially compensates for the expected increase in atomic size with increasing atomic number. The net result of the lanthanoid contraction is that the second and the third d series exhibit similar radii (e.g., Zr 160 pm, Hf 159 pm) and have very similar physical and chemical properties. There is an increase in ionisation enthalpy along each series of the transition elements from left to right. The first ionisation enthalpy, in general, increases, but the magnitude of the increase in the second and third ionisation enthalpies for the successive elements, is much higher along a series. One of the notable features of a transition elements is the great variety of oxidation states these may show in their compounds.
Metallic radii of some transition elements are as follows:
Fe: 126 pm; Co: 125 pm; Ni: 125 pm; Cu: 128 pm
Which of these elements will have highest density?

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Optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or molecules which provide such units on hydrolysis are called carbohydrates. They can be broadly classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides depending on their behavior towards hydrolysis. They are also classified as reducing or non-reducing sugars. Another class of biomolecules is proteins which are polymers of twenty different amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Amino acids can be classified as acidic, basic or neutral depending on the relative number of amino and carboxyl groups in their molecule. The essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by our body and hence must be provided through diet. Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides which in turn consist of a base, pentose sugar and phosphate. There are two types of nucleic acids namely, DNA and RNA which differ in the composition of sugar and a base
The side chain (R group) present in the "Aspartic Acid" amino acid is:

Match List I with List II

LIST I	LIST II
A. Furacine	I. Non-narcotic
B. Antihistamines	II. Artificial Sweetener
C. Alitame	III. Antiseptics
D. Aspirin	IV. Terfenadine

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The function \(f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{x^2+2 x-3}{x-1}, & \text { if } x \neq 1 \\ 0, & \text { if } x=1\end{array}\right.\) is

A light bulb and an air core inductor are connected in series to an a.c. source through a switch. The switch is closed and after sometime, an iron rod is inserted into the interior of the inductor. The light bulb

Choose the correct statement(s) for intermolecular dehydration of alcohols to form ethers
(A) The formation of ether may involve a nucleophilic bimolecular \(S_N2\) reaction or \(S_N1\) reaction
(B) The method is successful with secondary and tertiary alcohols.
(C) The reaction requires protic acids
(D) The reaction is carried out at low temperature.
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Which of the following is always upright in an ecosystem?

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Aldehydes, carboxylic acids and ketones are widespread in the animal and plant kingdoms.
They play a pivotal role in various biochemical processes of life. Their presence in nature adds fragrance and flavor. These compounds are widely used in food products, pharmaceuticals, paints, resins and other important product industries. These compounds are prepared by various laboratory methods, which mainly include oxidation, formylation, acylation and reduction. Due to the polar nature of the carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones, they can exhibit different reactions like nucleophilic addition. They do exhibit redox and various condensation reactions which lead to the formation of various important compounds. On the other hand, the carboxylic acids are mainly prepared by oxidation and hydrolysis of different compounds. The carboxylic acid consists of a carbonyl group and the hydroxy group (attached to the carbonyl carbon atom). This makes it possible for the carboxylic acid to participate in various chemical reactions which involve cleavage of the C-OH bond and the O_H bond along with the reactions involving the complete -COOH group.
Propyne on hydration in presence of mercury ions produce

With the rise in temperature, the electrical resistance