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Alcohols and phenol are formed when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic and aromatic respectively, is replaced by \(\text{-OH}\) group. The substitution of a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon by an alkoxy or aryloxy group forms ethers. Alcohols and phenol consist of two part, an alkyl/aryl group and a hydroxyl group. The properties of alcohols and phenols are primarily due to the hydroxyl group. The nature of alkyl and aryl groups simply modify these properties. Alcohol react both as nucleophiles and electrophiles whereas in phenols, the reactions that take place on the aromatic ring are electrophilic subtitution reactions.
Aspirin is an acetylation product of :

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The degeneracy of the \(d\) orbitals has been removed due to ligand electron-metal electron repulsions in the octahedral complez to yield three orbitals of lower energy, \(t_{2 g}\) set and two orbitals of higher energy, \(e_g\) set. This splitting of the degenerate levels due to the presence of ligands in a definite geometry is termed as crystal field splitting and the energy separation is denoted by \(\Delta_0\). Thus energy of the two \(e_g\) orbitals will increase by \((3 / 5) \Delta_0\) and that of three \(t_{2 g}\) will decrease by \((2 / 5) \Delta_0\). The crystal field splitting \(\Delta_{\circ}\) depends upon the field produced by the ligand and charge on the metal ion. Some ligands are able to produce strong fields, in which case the splitting will be large, whereas others produce weak fields and consequently result in small splitting of \(d\) orbitals. Relative magnitude of crystal field splitting energy \(\Delta_0\) and pairing energy, \(P\) (energy required for electron pairing in a single orbital) determine the formation of low spin ( \(\Delta_0>P\) ) or high spin ( \(\Delta_0<P\) ) complex. In tetrahedral coordination entity formation, the \(d\)-orbital splitting is inverted and is smaller as compared to the octabedral field splitting. The crystal field theory attributes the colour of the complex to \(d-d\) transition of the electron. The colour of the coordination compounds depends on the crystal field splitting. In the absence of ligand, crystal field splitting does not occur and hence the substance is colourless.
Which of the following relations is correct for the splitting of \(d\) orbitals in octahedral and tetrahedral crystal fields, considering same metal, the same ligands and metal-ligand distances?

For the brown ring test, the correct order of the steps in the experiment is :
(A) Pour conc. \(H_2SO_4\) very slowly along the side of the test tube, very few drops of the acid should be poured.
(B) Take half spatula of the given salt in a dry test tube.
(C) Add 2 - 3 mL of freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution to the test tube.
(D) Make a solution of the given salt.
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According to Valence Bond theory, the metal atom or ion under the influence of ligands can use its (n - 1)d, ns, np or ns, np, nd orbitals for hybridisation to yield a set of equivalent orbitals of definite geometry such as octahedral, tetrahedral, square planar and so on. These hybridised orbitals are allowed to overlap with ligand orbitals that can donate electron pairs for bonding. While the VB theory, to a larger extent, explains the formation, structures and magnetic behaviour of coordination compounds, it suffers from the many shortcomings. The Crystal field theory (CFT) is an electrostatic model which considers the metal-ligand bond to be ionic arising purely from electrostatic interactions between the metal ion and the ligand. The five d orbitals in an isolated gaseous metal atom/ion have same energy, i.e., they are degenerate. This degeneracy is maintained if a spherically symmetrical field of negative charges surrounds the metal atom/ion. However, when this negative field is due to ligands in a complex, it becomes asymmetrical and the degeneracy of the d orbitals is lifted. It results in splitting of the d orbitals. The pattern of splitting depends upon the nature of the crystal field.
Which of the following represents the correct pair?

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The term vitamin was coined from the word vital +amine since the earlier identified compounds had amino groups.Later work showed that most of them didn't contain amino groups, so the letter "e" was dropped and ther term vitamin is used these days.
Vitamins are classified into two groups depending upon their solubility in water or fat. Fat soluble vitamins are soluble in fat and oils but insoluble in water. They are stored in liver and adipose (fat storing) tissues. Water-soluble vitamins are soluble in water. They must be supplied regularly in the diet as they are readily excreated in urine.
What is Xerophthalmia disease?

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When a metal is placed in a solution of its ions, the metal can lose electron and can go in the solution as ion or the metal ion in the solution can take electron from the electrode and get deposited as metal. Thus, the electrode acquires either positive or negative charge with respect to the solution leading to the development of a potential difference between the metal electrode and the solution. This potential difference is called the electrode potential of the metal. The electrode potential of a metal is a measure of relative tendency to undergo oxidation (loss of electron) or reduction (gain of electron). When the concentration of the ions in the solution is unity, the electrode potential is called standard electrode potential. The magni of potential depends upon the nature of electrode, concentration of ions in solution and the temperature. In a galvanic cell, the electrode at which oxidation occurs is known as anodic half-cell and the electrode at which reduction occurs is known as cathodic half cell. The emf of the cell in terms of standard reduction potential is given by \(E_{\text {cell }}^{\circ}=E_{\text {cathode }}^{\circ}-E_{\text {anode. }}^{\circ}\).The standard free energy change of the redox reaction taking place in the cell is related to \(E_{\text {cell }}^{\circ}\) by \(\Delta G^{\circ}=-n F E^{\circ}\). A redox reaction would occur spontaneously if the free energy change is negative. The equilibrium constant of the reaction is related to the standard free energy change by \(\Delta G^{\circ}=-R T \ln K\).
The standard Oxidation potential \(E^0\) for the half cell reactions are
\(Zn \rightarrow Zn ^{2+}+2 e^{-}: E^0=+0.76 V\)
\(Fe \rightarrow Fe ^{2+}+2 e^{-}: E^0=+0.41 V\)
The emf of cell \(Fe ^{2+}+ Zn \rightarrow Zn ^{2+}+ Fe\) is

Ethanol cannot be prepared from :

Which of the following is not a part of combined diversity at all levels of biological organisation as given by Edward Wilson ?

For the function \(f(x)=e^{-2 x}(2-x)^2\), the point of local maxima is:

Use of biofertilizers as a nutrient source is a practised in __________.

Which of the following alkyl halide will undergo \(\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{N}} 1\) reaction fastest?

Consider the line \(\vec{r}=-2 \hat{i}+3 \hat{j}+\hat{k}+\lambda(5 \hat{i}-3 \hat{j}-\hat{k})\). Match List-I with List-II

List-I	List-II
(A) A point on the given line	(I) \(\left(\frac{5}{\sqrt{35}}, \frac{-3}{\sqrt{35}}, \frac{-1}{\sqrt{35}}\right)\)
(B) Direction ratios of the given line	(II) (2, 3, 1)
(C) Direction cosines of the given line	(III) (5, -3, -1)
(D) Direction ratios of a line perpendicular to given line	(IV) (-2, 3, 1)

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If lines \(\frac{x+5}{5 \lambda+2}=\frac{4-2 y}{10}=\frac{1-3 z}{-3}\) and \(\frac{x-2}{1}=\frac{1+2 y}{4 \lambda}=\frac{2+z}{3}\) are perpendicular, then value of ' \(\lambda\) ' is