Which one of the following is an example of co-evolution?

Microbes in human welfare Microbes are a very important component of life on earth. we use microbes and microbially derived products almost every day, like LAB to make curd, yeast to make bread, adding flavor and texture to cheese, producing antibiotics etc. The addition of LAB, improves the milk quality by increasing vit. B12. Cheese is one of the oldest food items in which microbes are used. For example, large holes in Swiss cheese are due to CO2 produced by the bacterium Propionibacterium sharmanii. The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by microorganisms in a sample of water and thus, indirectly, BOD is a measure of the organic matter present in the water. The greater the BOD of waste water, the more is its polluting potential. In anaerobic sludge digesters, bacteria produce a mixture of gases like methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. These gases form biogas and can be used as a source of energy. Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main sources of biofertilisers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria. You have studied about the nodules on the roots of leguminous plants formed by the symbiotic association of Rhizobium. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which is used by the plant as a nutrient. Other bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen while free-living in the soil (examples Azospirillum and Azotobacter).
BOD refers to the -

The abundant immunoglobulin present in colostrum of mother's milk to create passive immunity in infants is:

Colostrum secreted by mother is rich in:

Read the passage carefully and answer the given questions.
Recombinant DNA Technology Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic information, while sexual reproduction permits variation. Traditional hybridization procedures used in plants and animals breeding very often lead to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with the desired genes. The techniques of genetic engineering, which include creation of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning and gene transfer, overcome this limitation and allow us to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without introducing genes into the target organism.
Which one of the following options is correct for working of restriction enzymes?

In a garden pea, the axial flower is dominant to terminal flower. What will be the percentage of offsprings with terminal flowers, when two heterozygous plants are crossed?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the given questions.
Theory of Evolution
The evolution of life is a gradual process through which simple organisms are transformed into complex life forms over billions of years. It involves genetic changes, adaptation to the environment, and the emergence of diversity in species. Fossil records provide evidence of extinct life forms and transitional stages. Evolution is influenced by factors such as mutation, genetic recombination, and environmental pressure, shaping the biodiversity we see today. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace were pioneering naturalists who developed the theory of evolution by natural
selection. The voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle was significant in the development of Darwin's theory of evolution as-

Electrostatic shielding is the phenomenon of protecting a certain region of space from :

In agarose gel electrophoresis, the separated DNA fragments can be visualised by staining the DNA with a compound, known as

Which one of the following step is not involved in the genetic modification of an organism?

Match List - I with List - II:

List - I (\(\text{K}_\text{H}\) values / \(\text{K bar}\))	List - II (Gas)
A. 145	I. \(\text{CO}_2\)
B. 89	II. \(\text{He}\)
C. 76.5	III. \(\text{N}_2\) (at \(293\text{ K}\))
D. 1.67	IV. \(\text{N}_2\) (at \(303\text{ K}\))

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Which constraint correctly represents the situation "Mixture of x and y must be at least 8 units"?

If \(\int_0^1 \frac{e^x}{1+x} d x=m\), then the value of \(\int_0^1 \frac{e^x}{(1+x)^2} d x\) is :