Which of the following is NOT a basic step in the genetic modification of an organism?

Microbes in human welfare Microbes are a very important component of life on earth. we use microbes and microbially derived products almost every day, like LAB to make curd, yeast to make bread, adding flavor and texture to cheese, producing antibiotics etc. The addition of LAB, improves the milk quality by increasing vit. B12. Cheese is one of the oldest food items in which microbes are used. For example, large holes in Swiss cheese are due to CO2 produced by the bacterium Propionibacterium sharmanii. The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by microorganisms in a sample of water and thus, indirectly, BOD is a measure of the organic matter present in the water. The greater the BOD of waste water, the more is its polluting potential. In anaerobic sludge digesters, bacteria produce a mixture of gases like methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. These gases form biogas and can be used as a source of energy. Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main sources of biofertilisers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria. You have studied about the nodules on the roots of leguminous plants formed by the symbiotic association of Rhizobium. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which is used by the plant as a nutrient. Other bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen while free-living in the soil (examples Azospirillum and Azotobacter).
The large holes in Swiss cheese are generated by-

Match List - I with List - II.

List I	List ll
(A) Sterilisation procedure in males	(I) Saheli
(B) Oral contraceptive	(II) Multiload 375
(C) Copper releasing IUD	(III) Lippes loop
(D) Non-medicated IUD	(IV) Vasectomy

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

The steps of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) are given below. Arrange them in a correct sequence.
A. Extension of primers
B. Denaturation of DNA fragments by heating
C. Amplified DNA fragments
D. Annealing of primers
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

In angiosperms during micorsporogenesis, meiosis occurs in:

Which of the following is a barrier method of contraception?

Arrange the amount of energy in a sequence from the highest trophic level to the lowest trophic level (Pyramid of Energy):
(A). 10,000 J
(B). 1000 J
(C). 10 J
(D). 100 J
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

If the area of a triangle whose vertices are \((-2,4),(2,-6)\) and \((k, 4), k>0\), is 35 sq.units, then the value of \(k\) is

Minimum boiling azeotropes show __________ deviation from Raoult's Law at a specific composition.

Which of the following does not affects genetic equilibrium/Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

What does 'r' denotes in the given equation?
(dN/dT = rN)

In visible light, orange differs from violet as they have

A 0.5 m long solenoid has 500 turns and has a flux density of \( 2.52 \times 10^{-3} \text{ T} \) at its centre.
The current flowing in the solenoid would be (given, \( \mu_0 = 4\pi \times 10^{-7} \text{ Hm}^{-1} \))