When a species become extinct, the plant and animal species associated with it in an obligatory way also become extinct. This is known as-

Identify the correct facts about downstream processing.
(A) The processes include separation and purification.
(B) The product has to be formulated with suitable preservatives.
(C) The prepared formulation does not require clinical trials as in case of drugs.
(D) Strict quality control testing for each product is also required.
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In a typical test cross:

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Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains : chain A and chain B, that are linked together by disulphide bridges. The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. This enzyme is crucial for the immune system to function. Recombinant DNA technology, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) are some of the techniques that serve the purpose of early diagnosis of diseases. Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of DNA (or genes) which codes for a particular product such as human protein (α-1-antitrypsin) used to treat emphysema. Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.
In 1997, an American company got patent rights on Basmati rice through the US Patent and Trademark Office. This allowed the company to sell a ‘new’ variety of bvasnmati, in the US and abroad. This ‘new’ variety of Basmati had actually been derived from Indian farmer's varieties.. Indiian Basmati was crossed with semi-dwarf varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty. This is a case of :

Identify the examples of evolution caused due to anthropogenic actions:
(A) Bacillus thuringiensis and Lepidopterans
(B) Industrial melanism in moths
(C) Resistant microbes against antibiotics
(D) Pesticides and insects
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Widal test is used to diagnose:

Which of the following is used to make the bacterial cell as 'Competent cell' to take up DNA?

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Kinetic studies not only help us to determine the rate of a chemical reaction but also describe the conditions by which the reaction rates can be altered. The factors such as concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst affect the rate of a reaction. The speed of a reaction or the rate of a reaction can be defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product in unit time.
Rate \(= \text{k}[\text{A}]^x [\text{B}]^y\)
Here k is the rate constant
\(x + y\) gives the overall order of a reaction, whereas \(x\) and \(y\) represent the order with respect to the reactants A and B, respectively.
Which of the following statements are correct?
(A) Catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction.
(B) Catalysts can catalyze both spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions.
(C) Higher the activation energy for a chemical reaction, lower is the rate of the reaction.
(D) Catalyst increases the potential energy barrier.
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Identify the correct combination of salient features of the genetic code.
(A) AUG has dual functions as it codes for methionine (met), and also act as initiator codon.
(B) Some amino acids are coded by more than one codon, hence the code is degenerate.
(C) UAA, UAG, UGG are stop terminator codons.
(D) The codon is read in mRNA in a continuous fashion and there are no punctuations.
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The reaction of acidified KMnO 4 and NO 2 gives:

The value of \(\int_0^{\pi / 2} \frac{\tan ^7 x}{\cot ^7 x+\tan ^7 x} d x\) is

Identify the factor which does not affect the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ?

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Carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids play an important role in the biochemical process of plants and animal kingdom.
Many aldehydes and ketones find applications in dye, perfumery and other industries.
The carbonyl carbon atom is \(s p^2\)-hybridized forming three sigma and one pi-bond with oxygen.
C-O bonds are polar bond due to high electronegativity of oxygen than carbon.
Hence the carbonyl carbon behaves as an electrophilic center and oxygen as a nucleophilic centre.
Primary and secondary alcohols yield aldehydes and ketones respectively upon oxidation with variety of oxidizing agents.
The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones differ from hydrocarbons and ethers.
Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reaction due to presence of electrophilic carbonyl carbon.
Nucleophile and a proton add across the carbon oxygen double bond.
In polar C-O bond in carbonyl compounds, the nature of carbon and oxygen atom is