What is the role of fungal symbiont in mycorrhiza?

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Restriction endonuclease on finding its specific recognition sequence, bind to the DNA and cut each of the two strands of the double helix at specific points in their sugar -phosphate backbones. Each restriction endonuclease recognises a specific palindromic nucleotide sequences in the DNA. Since the DNA is enclosed within the membranes, we have to break the cell open to release DNA along with other macromolecules such as RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and also lipids. This can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells/plant or animal tissue with enzymes such as lysozyme (bacteria), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus). Now a days the most commonly used matrix is agarose which is a natural polymer extracted from sea weeds. The DNA fragments separate (resolve) according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. The first restriction endonuclease-Hind II, whose functioning depended on a specific DNA nucleotide sequence was isolated and characterised five years later. It was found that Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base pairs. In addition to 'ori', the vector requires a selectable marker, which helps in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants. Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium. Normally, the genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc., are considered useful selectable markers for E. coli
Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by identifying a specific sequence of six base pairs. This specific base sequence is called _______ for Hind II.

Arrange the following PCR steps in the correct sequence.
A. Extension of Primers
B. Amplification of DNA
C. Annealing of Primers
D. Denaturation of DNA fragment
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Match List-I with List-II

List-I (Terms)	List-II (Features)
(A) Bioprocess engineering	(I) Use of bio resources without proper authorisation
(B) Somatic hybridization	(II) Correction of gene defect
(C) Gene Therapy	(III) Fusion of protoplasts from two different organisms
(D) Biopiracy	(IV) Maintenance of sterile ambiance for microbial growth

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Sporopollenin, the most resistant organic material is present in:

Observe the given diagram representing global biodiversity and answer the question.

Global Bio-diversity
Among invertebrates, the order of species richness from low to high is:
(A) Insect
(B) Other animal group
(C) Molluscs
(D) Crustaceans
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

The process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA is termed as

The sum of the order and degree of the differential equation representing the family of curves \(y=m x+m^4\), where \(m\) is arbitrary constant, is

A bond of face value ₹1000 has a coupon rate 10% per annum paid semi-annually and matures in 4 years. If present value of the bond is ₹1100, then yield to maturity is:

Electric field intensity at a point varies as \( \frac{1}{r^3} \) due to:

A circular coil of area \( 300 \text{ cm}^2 \) and 25 turns rotates about its vertical diameter with an angular speed of \( 40 \text{ rad s}^{-1} \) in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.05 T. The maximum voltage induced in the coil is

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Alcohols and phenols are formed when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic and aromatic respectively is replaced by - OH group. These are further classified on the basis of number of hydroxy groups and according to the hybridization of the carbon atom \(sp ^2\) or \(sp ^3\) to which the -OH group is attached. They find applications in industry as well as in day-to-day life. One of the most commercially obtained alcohol also known as wood spirit is obtained by destructive distillation of wood. Both alcohols and phenols are acidic in nature. The acidity of alcohols and phenols vary according to the nature of substituent(s) attached to them. Alcohols and phenols react with carboxylic acids, acid chlorides and acid anhydrides to form esters. Introduction of acetyl group in alcohols and phenols is called acetylation. Phenol undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction because the -OH activates the benzene ring. It undergoes nitration, halogenation and sulphonation reactions.
Identiify the strongest acidic compound

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Haloalkanes undergo nucelophilic substitution reactions owing to the polarity of CX bond. The nucleophile reacts with the haloalkane on the carbon possessing a partial positive charge holding the halogen atom. The halogen atom \(X\) is replaced by a nucleophile. Depending on the kinetics and mode of bond breaking, the mechanism can be either SN1 or SN2 reaction. The rate of SN1 reaction is governed by the stability of carbocation and in SN2 reaction, the rate of reaction is governed by steric factor. Chirality is the main factor in both SN1and SN2. In SN1 reaction, the chirality of alkyl halide is accompanied by racemization of the product, while in SN2 reaction, the product is characterized by inversion of configuration. The structure of alkyl halide and the nature of the solvent also governs the mechanism of the substitution.
Which of the following compound will undergo \(S_N 1\) reaction readily?