The key tools of recombinant DNA technology are:
(A) Ligases
(B) Restriction enzymes
(C) Polymerase enzymes
(D) Suitable vectors and host organisms
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The fruits that develop without fertilization are called as

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Broadly, genetic disorders may be grouped into two categories - Mendelian disorders and Chromosomal disorders. Mendelian disorders are mainly determined by alteration or mutation in the single gene. These disorders are transmitted to the offspring on the same lines as we have studied in the principle of inheritance. The trait may also be linked to the sex chromosome as in case of haemophilia. It is evident that this X-linked recessive trait shows transmission from carrier female of male progeny.
The disease which is transmitted to the offsprings following the principles of inheritance is :

In plants, continued self pollination results in

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Our immune system plays the major role in preventing diseases when we are exposed to disease-causing agents. Immunity is of two types: (i) Innate immunity and (ii) Acquired immunity. The human immune system consists of lymphoid organs, tissues, cells and soluble molecules like antibodies. The immune system also plays an important role in allergic reactions, auto-immune diseases and organ transplantation. The primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus. The secondary lymphoid organs are spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches of small intestine and appendix. There is lymphoid tissue also located within the lining of the major tracts (respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts) called mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). It is important to note that HIV/AIDS is not spread by mere touch or physical contact; it spreads only through body fluids. AIDS has no cure, prevention is the best option. Adolescence is accompanied by several biological and behavioural changes and surveys and statistics show that use of drugs and alcohol has been on the rise especially among the youth. Factors associated with drug and alcohol abuse among adolescents are a child's natural curiosity, stress, the perception among youth that it is 'cool' or progressive to smoke, media exposure and an unstable or unsupportive family structures and peer pressure. It is best to identify the situations that may push an adolescent towards use of drugs or alcohol, and to take remedial measures well in time.
Which one of the following structures is not an example of a cellular barrier in innate immunity?

Identify the correct sequence of events for the technique of DNA fingerprinting.
(A) Hybridization using labelled VNTR probe, followed by detection of hybridized DNA fragments by autoradiography
(B) Transfer of separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes, such as nitrocellulose or nylon
(C) Isolation and digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases
(D) Separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis
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Tropics have greater biodiversity because:

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Living systems are made up of various complex bio-molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids etc. Proteins and carbohydrates are essential constituents of our food. Carbohydrates are primarily produced by plants and form a very large group of naturally occurring organic compounds. Some common examples are cane sugar, glucose, starch etc.
Insulin, generally given to diabetic patients is a :

If potential difference V applied across a metallic wire is increased by V, how will the drift velocity of the electrons change?

Value of \(\tan ^{-1} 2+\tan ^{-1} 3+\tan ^{-1} 4\) is equal to:

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Molar conductivity \(\Lambda_m^0\)of a solution at a given concentration (c) is the conductance of volume, V of solution, containing one mole of electrolyte kept between the two electrodes with area of cross-section A and at a distance of unit length. It increases with the decrease in concentration and when the concentration approaches zero, the molar conductivity is called limiting molar conductivity \(\Lambda_m^0\) . For a strong electrolyte, \(\Lambda_m\) increases linearly with dilution and is given by \(\Lambda_m=\Lambda_m^0-A c^{1 / 2}\). The value of the constant A for a given solvent depends on the type of electrolyte along with temperature. According to Kohlrausch law, they value of \(\Lambda_m^0\) for an electrolyte is \(\Lambda_m^0=\nu_{+} \lambda_{+}^0+\nu_{-} \lambda_{-}^0\), where \(\nu_{+}\)and \(\nu_{-}\) are the number of cations and anions, respectively, per molecule of the electrolyte and \(\lambda_{+}^0\) and \(\lambda_{-}^0\) are limiting molar conductivities of cation and anion, respectively. Kohlrausch law finds many applications, like determining the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt, determining the degree of dissociation \(\left(\Lambda_m / \Lambda_m^0\right)\), and the dissociation constant of a weak electrolyte.
If the molar conductance values of Ca²⁺ and Cl^- at infinite dilution are, respectively, 118.8 × 10^-4 ohm^-1 m² mol^-1 and 77.33 × 10^-4 ohm^-1 m² mol^-1, then the molar conductance of CaCl₂ at infinite dilution will be :

The value of the determinant \(\begin{vmatrix} 3 & -4 & 5 \\ 1 & 1 & -2 \\ 2 & 3 & 1 \end{vmatrix}\) is:

In which ecosystem, a larger fraction of energy flows through detritus food chain (DFC) than through grazing food chain (GFC)?