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Some strains of `Bacillus thuringiensis` produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans (tobacco budworm, armyworm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes). In `Bacillus thuringiensis` the toxin is coded by a gene `crylAc` named cry. There are a number of them, for example, the proteins encoded by the genes `crylAc` and `cryllAb` control the cotton bollworms, that of `crylAb` controls corn borer. Using conventional methods of diagnosis (serum and urine analysis, etc.) early detection is not possible. Recombinant DNA technology, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) are some of the techniques that serve the purpose of early diagnosis. The first clinical gene therapy was given in 1990 to a 4-year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. This enzyme is crucial for the immune system to function. The disorder is caused due to the deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase. `RNAi` takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense. This method involves silencing of a specific mRNA due to a complementary `dsRNA` molecule that binds to and prevents translation of the `mRNA`.
Some strains of `Bacillus thuringiensis` produce proteins that do not kill ceratin organisms -

Read the following passage carefully and answer the given questions.
Restriction endonuclease on finding its specific recognition sequence, bind to the DNA and cut each of the two strands of the double helix at specific points in their sugar -phosphate backbones. Each restriction endonuclease recognises a specific palindromic nucleotide sequences in the DNA. Since the DNA is enclosed within the membranes, we have to break the cell open to release DNA along with other macromolecules such as RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and also lipids. This can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells/plant or animal tissue with enzymes such as lysozyme (bacteria), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus). Now a days the most commonly used matrix is agarose which is a natural polymer extracted from sea weeds. The DNA fragments separate (resolve) according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. The first restriction endonuclease-Hind II, whose functioning depended on a specific DNA nucleotide sequence was isolated and characterised five years later. It was found that Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base pairs. In addition to 'ori', the vector requires a selectable marker, which helps in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants. Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium. Normally, the genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc., are considered useful selectable markers for E. coli.
A natural polymer extracted from sea weeds used in the field of biotechnology is:

Which of the following are Mendelian disorders?
(A) Cystic fibrosis
(B) Phenylketonuria
(C) Adenosine deaminase deficiency
(D) Haemophilia
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Identify the terminal method used to prevent pregnancy is :

During ice age between __________ modern Homo sapiens arose.

Clarias gariepinus, the African catfish is an example of

Identify the country from the following which has greater ecosystem diversity:

In RNA interference (RNAi) the genes are silenced using:

Identify the autosome-linked recessive disorder.

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The DNA fragments can be separated by a technique known as gel electrophoresis. Since DNA fragments are negatively charged molecules, they can be separated by forcing them to move towards the anode under an electric field through a medium/matrix. The separated DNA fragments can be visualised only after staining the DNA with a compound known as ethidium bromide followed by exposure to UV radiation. The repeated amplification of DNA is achieved by the use of a thermostable DNA polymerase (isolated from a bacterium, Thermus aquaticus). After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes before it is ready for marketing as a finished product. The downstream processing and quality control testing vary from product to product. The convention for naming restriction enzymes is the first letter of the name comes from the genus and the second two letters come from the species of the prokaryotic cell from which they were isolated.
In the nomenclature of restriction enzymes -

Let A = {1, 2, 3} Consider the relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} Then R is:

Decomposers break down complex organic matter into -

A cell of emf \( \mathcal{E} = 10 \text{ V} \) and internal resistance \( r = 3 \Omega \) is connected to a uniform wire of length \( L = 500 \text{ cm} \) and resistance \( R = 3 \Omega \). The drop of potential with length in the wire is: