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During anaerobic sludge digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. These gases form biogas and can be used as source of energy as it is inflammable. The bioactive molecule, cyclosporin A, that is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients, is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum. You must have noticed that bottled fruit juices bought from the market are clearer as compared to those made at home. This is because the bottled juices are clarified by the use of pectinases and proteases. Statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialised as blood-cholesterol lowering agents. It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol. The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in a sample of water and thus, indirectly, BOD is a measure of the organic matter present in the water.
Statins, used as blood-cholesterol lowering agents are produced by -

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Pest Resistance Plants
Various nematodes parasitize a wide variety of plants and animals, including human beings. A nematode, Meloidogyne incognitia, infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield. A noval strategy was adopted to prevent this infestation which was based on the process of RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense. This method involves silencing of a specific mRNA due to a complementary dsRNA molecule that binds to and prevents translation of the mRNA (silencing). Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). GM plants have been useful in many ways. Genetic modification has: (i) made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat). (ii) reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (pest-resistant crops). (iii) helped to reduce post harvest losses. (iv) increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants (this prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil). (v) enhanced nutritional value of food, e.g., golden rice, i.e., Vitamin 'A' enriched rice. Genetic modification of organisms can have unpredicatable results when such organisms are introduced into the ecosystem. Therefore, the Indian Government has set up organisations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services. Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans (tobacco budworm, armyworm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes).
RNA interference involves:

Arrange the following in the order of their occurrance.
(A) Spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa
(B) Spermatogonia are multiplied by mitotic division
(C) Sperms are released from seminiferous tubules by the process of
spermiation
(D) Sperm heads are embedded in sertoli cells
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What is nucleosome?

Increase in population is due to:

Arrange the following steps of 'Polymerase Chain Reaction' in a correct sequence.
(A) Annealing of primers
(B) Amplified DNA
(C) Denaturation of DNA
(D) Extension of primers
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Which of the following enzymes are used to clarify the packed juices?
(A) Pectinases
(B) Kinases
(C) Proteases
(D) Nucleases
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If \(\left|\begin{array}{ccc}1 & \cos \theta & 0 \\ \sin \theta & 1 & \cos \theta \\ \cos \theta & 1 & -\sin \theta\end{array}\right|=A \sin \theta+B \cos \theta+C \sin \theta \cos \theta\) then :

Two thin lenses are in contact and the focal length of the combination is 60 cm. If the focal length of one lens is 20 cm, the focal length of the other would be :

In a Linear Programming problem, the objective function is always :

A lens is formed by placing the plane faces of two identical plano-convex lenses (each of focal length 40 cm) touching each other. It is used to obtain a real, inverted image of the same size as the object. The distance of the object from the lens is:

Two waves of amplitudes 3 m and 2 m, respectively superimpose at a point in the same phase. The resultant amplitude would be:

A resistor R and an inductor L are connected in series to a 24 V, 50 Hz supply. A current of 1 A flows through the circuit. If the current differs in phase from the applied voltage by 60°, the value of impedance in the circuit is