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Bioactive molecule, cyclosporin A, that is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients, is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum. Statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialised as blood-cholesterol lowering agents. It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol. Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. The majority of baculoviruses used as biological control agents are in the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus. These viruses are excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow spectrum insecticidal applications. They have been shown to have no negative impacts on plants, mammals, birds, fish or even on non-target insects. BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidised by bacteria. The sewage water is treated till the BOD is reduced. Cheese, is one of the oldest food items in which microbes were used. Different varieties of cheese are known by their characteristic texture, flavour and taste. For example, the large holes in 'Swiss cheese' are due to production of a large amount of CO₂ by a bacterium named Propionibacterium sharmanii.
Propionibacterium sharmanii is used for the production of-

Photosynthetically active radiation is :

Match List-l with List-ll

List-l (Microorganisms)	List-II (Commercial Uses)
(A) Lactobacillus	(I) Use for the production of butyric acid
(B) Saccharomyces cerevisiae	(II) Use for production of swiss cheese
(C) Propionibacterium sharmanii	(III) Use for making bread
(D) Clostridium butylicum	(IV) Improves nutritional quality of milk by increasing vitamin B12

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the given questions.
Restriction endonuclease on finding its specific recognition sequence, bind to the DNA and cut each of the two strands of the double helix at specific points in their sugar -phosphate backbones. Each restriction endonuclease recognises a specific palindromic nucleotide sequences in the DNA. Since the DNA is enclosed within the membranes, we have to break the cell open to release DNA along with other macromolecules such as RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and also lipids. This can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells/plant or animal tissue with enzymes such as lysozyme (bacteria), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus). Now a days the most commonly used matrix is agarose which is a natural polymer extracted from sea weeds. The DNA fragments separate (resolve) according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. The first restriction endonuclease-Hind II, whose functioning depended on a specific DNA nucleotide sequence was isolated and characterised five years later. It was found that Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base pairs. In addition to 'ori', the vector requires a selectable marker, which helps in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants. Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium. Normally, the genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc., are considered useful selectable markers for E. coli
Chitinase is used to disrupt the membranes of:

The condition where one species is harmed whereas the other is unaffected is called.

The varieties of rice in India which are one of the richest in the world, they are approximately:

The term used for the utilization of biological resources of a nation or its people by multinational companies and other organizations without proper authorization and compensatory payment is:

The value of the definite integral \(I=\int_1^2 \frac{1}{x\left(1+x^2\right)} d x\) is:

A square shaped wire loop of side L is carrying a current I. What is the magnetic field at the point of intersection of diagonals of the square wire loop ?

Cellulose is a __________ polymer composed of __________ .

A converging lens is used to form image on a screen. When the lower half of the lens is covered by an opaque screen then, the correct statements are :
(A) Intensity of Image will decrease.
(B) Intensity of Image will increase.
(C) Complete Image will be formed.
(D) Half the Image will disappear.

The solution of the differential equation \((\cot y) d x=x d y\) is:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the given questions.
Immune System in the Body
The human immune system consists of lymphoid organs, tissues, cells and soluble molecules like antibodies. The primary lymphoid organs are bone marrow and thymus where immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes. After maturation the lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs like spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches of small intestine and appendix. The secondary lymphoid organs provide the sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen, which then proliferate to become effector cells. The bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells including lymphocytes are produced. Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, two small called light chains and two longer called heavy chains. Hence, an antibody is represented as H2L2. Different types of antibodies are produced in our body. IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG are some of them. Techniques like radiography (use of X-rays), CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) are very useful to detect cancers of the internal organs.
Human immune system recognizes the viral proteins as: