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Bioactive molecule, cyclosporin A, that is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients, is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum. Statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialised as blood-cholesterol lowering agents. It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol. Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. The majority of baculoviruses used as biological control agents are in the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus. These viruses are excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow spectrum insecticidal applications. They have been shown to have no negative impacts on plants, mammals, birds, fish or even on non-target insects. BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidised by bacteria. The sewage water is treated till the BOD is reduced. Cheese, is one of the oldest food items in which microbes were used. Different varieties of cheese are known by their characteristic texture, flavour and taste. For example, the large holes in 'Swiss cheese' are due to production of a large amount of CO₂ by a bacterium named Propionibacterium sharmanii.
The greater the BOD of waste water-

Extinction of Steller's sea Cow and passenger pigeon is due to

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In the year 1963 the two enzymes responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophage in E. coli were isolated. The first restriction endonuclease - Hind II, whose functioning depended on a specific DNA nucleotide sequence was characterized five years later. It was found that Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognizing a specific sequence of six base pairs. This specific base sequence is known as the recognition sequence for Hind II. Besides Hind II, today we know more than 900 restriction enzymes that have been isolated from over 230 strains of bacteria, each of which recognize different recognition sequences.
Restriction enzymes are also known as

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Restriction endonuclease on finding its specific recognition sequence, bind to the DNA and cut each of the two strands of the double helix at specific points in their sugar -phosphate backbones. Each restriction endonuclease recognises a specific palindromic nucleotide sequences in the DNA. Since the DNA is enclosed within the membranes, we have to break the cell open to release DNA along with other macromolecules such as RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and also lipids. This can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells/plant or animal tissue with enzymes such as lysozyme (bacteria), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus). Now a days the most commonly used matrix is agarose which is a natural polymer extracted from sea weeds. The DNA fragments separate (resolve) according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. The first restriction endonuclease-Hind II, whose functioning depended on a specific DNA nucleotide sequence was isolated and characterised five years later. It was found that Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base pairs. In addition to 'ori', the vector requires a selectable marker, which helps in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants. Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium. Normally, the genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc., are considered useful selectable markers for E. coli
Chitinase is used to disrupt the membranes of:

Observe the table and answer the given question :

Identify the statements which are true with respect to the table given above.
(A) There are 64 codons coding for twenty amino acids
(B) The codon for methionine is CUG
(C) Serine and Leucine have 6 codons each coding for them
(D) UAA is a stop codon
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Which one of the following is a correct statement about dormancy?

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Recombinant DNA Technology
Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic information, while sexual reproduction permits variation. Traditional hybridization procedures used in plants and animals breeding very often lead to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with the desired genes. The techniques of genetic engineering, which include creation of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning and gene transfer, overcome this limitation and allow us to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without introducing genes into the target organism.
Which one of the following options is correct for working of restriction enzymes?

The key tools of recombinant DNA technology are:
(A) Ligases
(B) Restriction enzymes
(C) Polymerase enzymes
(D) Suitable vectors and host organisms
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Two identical capacitors are connected in parallel combination. Their equivalent capacitance is \( C_1 \). If the plate area is halved and separation between plates is doubled for both the capacitors, their equivalent capacitance now is \( C_2 \). Find the ratio \( C_1/C_2 \).

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Carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids play an important role in the biochemical process of plants and animal kingdom. Many aldehydes and ketones find applications in dye, perfumery and other industries.
The carbonyl carbon atom is \(s p^2\)-hybridized forming three sigma and one pi-bond with oxygen.
C-O bonds are polar bond due to high electronegativity of oxygen than carbon.
Hence the carbonyl carbon behaves as an electrophilic center and oxygen as a nucleophilic centre.
Primary and secondary alcohols yield aldehydes and ketones respectively upon oxidation with variety of oxidizing agents.
The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones differ from hydrocarbons and ethers.
Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reaction due to presence of electrophilic carbonyl carbon.
Nucleophile and a proton add across the carbon oxygen double bond.
Identify the product Y in the following reaction.
\(CH_3-CH=CH-CH_2 OH \xrightarrow{\text { Pyrididium Chlorochromate }} Y\)

The corner points of the feasible region with the constraints \(x+y \leq 30, x+y \geq 15, y \leq 20, x \leq 15\), and \(x, y \geq 0\) are

When copper and germanium are cooled from room temperature to 100 K, then :

The differential coefficient of \(\log _e\left[\log _e\left(\log _e x^5\right)\right]\) with respect to \(x\) is: