Microbes in human welfare Microbes are a very important component of life on earth. we use microbes and microbially derived products almost every day, like LAB to make curd, yeast to make bread, adding flavor and texture to cheese, producing antibiotics etc. The addition of LAB, improves the milk quality by increasing vit. B12. Cheese is one of the oldest food items in which microbes are used. For example, large holes in Swiss cheese are due to CO2 produced by the bacterium Propionibacterium sharmanii. The BOD test measures the rate of uptake of oxygen by microorganisms in a sample of water and thus, indirectly, BOD is a measure of the organic matter present in the water. The greater the BOD of waste water, the more is its polluting potential. In anaerobic sludge digesters, bacteria produce a mixture of gases like methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. These gases form biogas and can be used as a source of energy. Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main sources of biofertilisers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria. You have studied about the nodules on the roots of leguminous plants formed by the symbiotic association of Rhizobium. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which is used by the plant as a nutrient. Other bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen while free-living in the soil (examples Azospirillum and Azotobacter).
Identify, the free living bacteria in soil, which can fix the atmospheric nitrogen.

For which of the following disease, the transgenic animal model has not been developed ?

Read the following paragraph and answer the given questions:
DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
The drugs, commonly abused are opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids. Opioids are the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Heroin, commonly called smack is chemically diacetylmorphine which is a white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound. Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals, which interact with cannabinoid receptors present principally in the brain. Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. The flower tops, leaves and the resin of cannabis plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these are known for their effects on cardiovascular system of the body. It interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack is usually snorted. It has a potent stimulating action on central nervous system, producing a sense of euphoria and increased energy. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations. Other well-known plants with hallucinogenic properties are Atropa belladona and Datura. These days cannabinoids are also being abused by some sportspersons. Drugs like barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and other similar drugs, that are normally used as medicines to help patients cope with mental illnesses like depression and insomnia, are often abused. Morphine is a very effective sedative and painkiller, and is very useful in patients who have undergone surgery. Several plants, fruits and seeds having hallucinogenic properties have been used for hundreds of years in folk-medicine, religious ceremonies and rituals all over the globe.
Heroine (Smack) which is extracted from the latex of poppy plant is chemically called:

If in a pond there were 20 lotus plants last year and through reproduction 8 new plants are added, taking the current population to 28, the birth rate would be:

The type of antibodies that produce the immune response in the presence of allergens like pollen, dust, animal dander etc. is _________.

In which part of the body of a mosquito the malarial parasite are stored?

Select the seeds with perisperm from the following options.

Mr. 'X' wishes to purchase a house for ₹ \(49,65,000\) with a down payment of ₹ \(15,00,000\) and balance amount in EMI for 25 years. If bank charges \(6 \%\) per annum compounded monthly. Then the EMI is: [Given that \((1.005)^{300}=4.4650\) ]

Time period of oscillation of a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field is \( T_o \). The magnet is cut into 3 equal parts transverse to its length. The new time period of oscillation of one part will be :

In reference to the radio waves, choose the incorrect statements:
(A) Radio waves are the longest wavelength electromagnetic waves.
(B) Radio waves are deviated by electric and magnetic fields.
(C) Radio waves are diffracted easily.
(D) Radio waves are not electromagnetic waves.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A T.V. panel costing Rs 18000 has a useful life of 12 years. If the annual depreciation is Rs 1000, then its scrap value by linear method is :

Answer the question on the basis of passage given below:
Proteins are the polymers of about twenty different a-amino acids which are linked by peptide bonds. Proteins perform various structural and dynamic functions in the organisms. Proteins which contain only a-amino acids are called simple proteins. The secondary or tertiary structure of proteins get disturbed on change of pH or temperature and they are not able to perform their functions. This is called denaturation of proteins. Enzymes are biocatalysts which speed up the reactions in biosystems. Vitamins are accessory food factors required in the diet. They are classified as fat soluble (A, D, E and K) and water soluble (B group and C). Deficiency of vitamins leads to many diseases. Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides which in turn consist of a base, a pentose sugar and phosphate moiety. Nucleic acids are responsible for the transfer of characters from parents to offsprings. There are two types of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. DNA contains a five carbon sugar molecule called 2-deoxyribose whereas RNA contains ribose.
Which of the following is an essential amino acid?

The conversions which are represented correctly are
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Choose the correct answer from the options given below: