Gel electrophoresis can separate the DNA fragments because :
(A) Agarose gel has sieving effect
(B) DNA fragments are positively charged.
(C) DNA fragments are of different size.
(D) DNA fragments can move in an electric field.
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The process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA is termed as

Which of the following is TRUE for gel electrophoresis ?
(A) It is used to separate DNA fragments.
(B) Separation of DNA occurs on the basis of the fragment size.
(C) Separation of DNA fragments occurs on the basis of charge.
(D) Separated DNA fragments can be visualised without staining.
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Identify the correct statements for adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
(A) It is caused by the failure of synthesis of an enzyme, adenosine
deaminase.
(B) It leads to inherited immunodeficiency disorder, severe combined
immunodeficiency (SCID).
(C) It is attributed to a mutant ADA gene.
(D) Its treatment can be done by introducing ADA cDNA into the
hepatocytes.
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Identify the correct statements with respect to microbes.
A. 'Toddy' the traditional drink obtained by fermenting sap of Palm tree.
B. Swiss cheese's large holes are due to activity of Saccharomyces cerevisae.
C. 'Penicillin' was discovered by Alexander Fleming.
D. The Cyclosporin A, is produced by Trichoderma polysporum.
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The rate of biomass production is called productivity. It is expressed in terms of _______ to compare the productivity of different ecosystems.

Read the following paragraph and answer the given questions:
DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
The drugs, commonly abused are opioids, cannabinoids, and coca alkaloids. Opioids are the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Heroin, commonly called smack is chemically diacetylmorphine which is a white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound. Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals, which interact with cannabinoid receptors present principally in the brain. Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. The flower tops, leaves and the resin of cannabis plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana, hashish, charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these are known for their effects on cardiovascular system of the body. It interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack is usually snorted. It has a potent stimulating action on central nervous system, producing a sense of euphoria and increased energy. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations. Other well-known plants with hallucinogenic properties are Atropa belladona and Datura. These days cannabinoids are also being abused by some sportspersons. Drugs like barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, and other similar drugs, that are normally used as medicines to help patients cope with mental illnesses like depression and insomnia, are often abused. Morphine is a very effective sedative and painkiller, and is very useful in patients who have undergone surgery. Several plants, fruits and seeds having hallucinogenic properties have been used for hundreds of years in folk-medicine, religious ceremonies and rituals all over the globe.
'Coca alkaloids' are obtained from the plant-

The activation energy for a reaction at a temperature \(T\) K was found to be \(2.303 RT\) J/mol.
The ratio of the rate constant to Arrhenius factor is:

For independent events \( A_{1} , A_{2}, A_{3} , \ldots, A_{n}\) , if \(P(A_{i}\) \(= \frac{1}{i + 1}, \; i = 1, 2, 3 \ldots, n\), then the probability that none of the events occur is :

Area bounded by the curve \(y=\log x, x\)-axis, \(x=1\) and \(x=2\) in square units is:

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions
Nearly all the transition elements display typical metallic properties such as high tensile strength, ductility, malleability, high thermal and electrical conductivity and metallic lustre. The transition metals (with the exception of Zn, Cd and Hg) are very hard and have low volatility. Their melting and boiling points are high. They have high enthalpies of atomization. lons of the same charge in a given series show progressive decrease in radius with increasing atomic number. However, the variation within a series is quite small. The filling of 4f before 5d orbital results in a regular decrease in atomic radii called Lanthanoid contraction which essentially compensates for the expected increase in atomic size with increasing atomic number The net result of the lanthanoid contraction is that the second and the third d series exhibit similar radii (e.g., Zr 160 pm, Hf 159 pm) and have very similar physical and chemical properties. There is an increase in ionisation enthalpy along each series of the transition elements from left to right. The first ionisation enthalpy, in general, increases, but the magnitude of the increase in the second and third ionisation enthalpies for the successive elements, is much higher along a series. One of the notable features of a transition elements is the great variety of oxidation states these may show in their compounds.
In the first transition series of elements (Sc to Zn), which element show least enthalpy of atomization?

Which type of linkage is present between the two nucleotides?

Which of the following statements are correct?
(A) The emf of a cell depends on the internal resistance of the cell.
(B) The emf of a cell depends on the external resistance of the circuit.
(C) It is easier to start a car engine on a warm day than on a cold day.
(D) The temperature coefficient of resistance (α) of carbon is negative.
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