Arrange the steps of gel electrophoresis in a proper sequence :
(A) Fragments of DNA are separated under an electric field in agarose gel
(B) DNA bands are cut out from the agarose gel and extracted
(C) DNA fragments are visualized by exposure to UV radiation
(D) Separated DNA fragment stained with ethidium bromide
Choose the correct answer from the options given below

Match List-I with List-II

List-I (Enzymes/bioactive molecule)	List-II (Actions)
(A) Pectinases and proteases	(I) Removing oily stains
(B) Streptokinase	(II) Immunosuppressive agent
(C) Lipases	(III) Clear bottled juices
(D) Cyclosporin A	(IV) Clot buster

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Which one of the following is not the invasive alien species?

A nucleoside comprises:

Which of the following factors can influence Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
(A) Natural Selection
(B) Genetic recombination
(C) Gene flow
(D) Mutation
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Which nutrient is increased in milk due to action of LAB?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the given questions.
Restriction endonuclease on finding its specific recognition sequence, bind to the DNA and cut each of the two strands of the double helix at specific points in their sugar -phosphate backbones. Each restriction endonuclease recognises a specific palindromic nucleotide sequences in the DNA. Since the DNA is enclosed within the membranes, we have to break the cell open to release DNA along with other macromolecules such as RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and also lipids. This can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells/plant or animal tissue with enzymes such as lysozyme (bacteria), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus). Now a days the most commonly used matrix is agarose which is a natural polymer extracted from sea weeds. The DNA fragments separate (resolve) according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. The first restriction endonuclease-Hind II, whose functioning depended on a specific DNA nucleotide sequence was isolated and characterised five years later. It was found that Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base pairs. In addition to 'ori', the vector requires a selectable marker, which helps in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants. Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium. Normally, the genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc., are considered useful selectable markers for E. coli
Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by identifying a specific sequence of six base pairs. This specific base sequence is called _______ for Hind II.

A sinusoidal voltage with peak value 220 V and variable frequency is applied to a series LCR circuit in which \( R = 10 \, \Omega \), \( L = 4 \, \text{mH} \), and \( C = 100 \, \text{mF} \). Consider the following:
(A) Resonant angular frequency \(\left(w_o\right)=50 rad / s\)
(B) Resonant frequency \(\left(v_o\right)=25 / n Hz\)
(C) Resonant frequency \(\left(v_o\right)=50 / n Hz\)
(D) The rms current at resonance is 15.5 A
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions
Salmonella typhi is a pathogenic bacterium which causes typhoid fever in human beings. Sustained high fever (39° to 40°C), weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache and loss of appetite are some of the common symptoms of this disease. Typhoid fever could be confirmed by Widal test. Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites. The parasites initially multiply within the liver cells and then attack the red blood cells (RBCs) resulting in their rupture. The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of a toxic substance, haemozoin, which is responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days. There is lymphoid tissue also located within the lining of the major tracts (respiratory, digestive and urogenital tracts) called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). In our body, cell growth and differentiation is highly controlled and regulated. In cancer cells, there is breakdown of regulatory mechanisms. Normal cells show a property called contact inhibition by virtue of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth. Cancerous cells just continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells called tumors. Tumors are of two types: benign and malignant. Cannabinoids are a group of chemicals, which interact with cannabinoid receptors present principally in the brain. Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these are known for their effects on cardiovascular system of the body.
Widal test is used to diagnose

\(\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\cos x}{(1+\sin x)(2+\sin x)} d x=\)

A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30\(^\circ\) with an external field of 800G, experiences a torque of 0.016 Nm. Work done in moving it from its most stable to most unstable position is :

Read the following passage carefully and answer the given questions.
Bioactive molecule, cyclosporin A, that is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients, is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum. Statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialised as blood-cholesterol lowering agents. It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol. Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. The majority of baculoviruses used as biological control agents are in the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus. These viruses are excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow spectrum insecticidal applications. They have been shown to have no negative impacts on plants, mammals, birds, fish or even on non-target insects. BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidised by bacteria. The sewage water is treated till the BOD is reduced. Cheese, is one of the oldest food items in which microbes were used. Different varieties of cheese are known by their characteristic texture, flavour and taste. For example, the large holes in 'Swiss cheese' are due to production of a large amount of CO₂ by a bacterium named Propionibacterium sharmanii.
Statins are produced by:

Read the passage carefully and answer the Questions
Haloalkanes undergo nucelophilic substitution reactions owing to the polarity of CX bond. The nucleophile reacts with the haloalkane on the carbon possessing a partial positive charge holding the halogen atom. The halogen atom X is replaced by a nucleophile. Depending on the kinetics and mode of bond breaking, the mechanism can be either SN1 or SN2 reaction. The rate of SN1 reaction is governed by the stability of carbocation and in SN2 reaction, the rate of reaction is governed by steric factor. Chirality is the main factor in both SN1and SN2. In SN1 reaction, the chirality of alkyl halide is accompanied by racemization of the product, while in SN2 reaction, the product is characterized by inversion of configuration. The structure of alkyl halide and the nature of the solvent also governs the mechanism of the substitution.
What is meant by the term racemic mixture?