Arrange the following geological periods in latest to oldest duration of existence.
(A) Triassic
(B) Carboniferous
(C) Cretaceous
(D) Permian
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Which of the following techniques are commonly used for early detection
of cancer?
(A) Biopsy and histopathological studies
(B) Radiography (x-rays)
(C) MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
(D) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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We use microbes and microbially derived products almost every day. Bacteria called lactic acid bacteria (LAB) grow in milk to convert it into curd. The dough, which is used to make bread, is fermented by yeast called Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbes are used to produce industrial products like lactic acid, acetic acid and alcohol, which are used in a variety of processes in the industry. However, certain bacteria, which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material, produce large amount of methane along with CO2 and H2. These bacteria are collectively called methanogens, and one such common bacterium is Methanobacterium. These bacteria are commonly found in the anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment. Microbes are also used for commercial and industrial production of certain chemicals like organic acids, alcohols and enzymes.
Examples of acid producers are Aspergillus niger (a fungus) of citric acid. You are familiar with the commonly used antibiotic Penicillin. Do you know that Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered, and it was a chance discovery? Statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialised as blood-cholesterol lowering agents. It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol.
A boy wants to set curd from milk. Suggest which of the following microbes can be useful for him?

The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa by the process called as

Arrange the given stages of menstrual cycle in correct sequence.
(A) Luteal phase
(B) Follicular phase
(C) Menstruation
(D) Next cycle begins
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Identify the statements which are true for both RNA and DNA.
(A) Two nucleotides are linked through 3'-5' phosphodiester linkage.
(B) Nitrogenous bases are linked to the sugar moiety.
(C) Additional -OH is present at 2'-position in the sugar.
(D) 5-methyl uracil is present.
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Match List - I with List - II.

List - I	List - II
(A) RNA	(I) Adenosine
(B) Nucleoside	(II) Adenosine monophosphate
(C) Nucleotide	(III) Deoxyribose
(D) Sugar	(IV) Uracil

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Match List-I (compound) with List-II (reagent or chemical test)

List-I (Compound)	List-II (Reagent or Chemical test)
(A) Phenols	(I) Tollen's test
(B) Amines	(II) \(NeutralFeCl _3 aq\). solution
(C) Aldehydes	(III) Iodoform Test
(D) Methyl Ketones	(IV) Hinsberg's Test

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Read the passage carefully and answer the given questions.
Recombinant DNA Technology
Asexual reproduction preserves the genetic information, while sexual reproduction permits variation. Traditional hybridization procedures used in plants and animals breeding very often lead to inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with the desired genes. The techniques of genetic engineering, which include creation of recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning and gene transfer, overcome this limitation and allow us to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without introducing genes into the target organism.
Which one of the following options is correct for working of restriction enzymes?

Which one of the following has a large reservoir of erythrocytes ?

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As aldehydes ketones possess the carbonyl functional group, they show similar reactions. They exhibit nucleophilic addition reactions, reduction, oxidations, reactions due to alpha-Hydrogen atom, and many other reactions, like Cannizzaro reaction to electrophilic substitution reactions (in case of aromatic aldehydes ketones).
These reactions help in the preparation of a number of important compounds, like acetic acid, vinyl acetate, polymers and in perfume and dye industries.
Nucleophilic addition reactions form cyanohydrins, acetals, alcohols and N -substituted derivatives like imine, oxime, semicarbazone, phenylhydrazone Schiff's base. Reactions due to alpha-hydrogen atoms help in formation of aldols and alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes ketones.
Which of the following combinations of Grignard's reagent and carbonyl compound can give \(C _6 H _5- C ( OH )\left( CH _3\right)- CH \left( CH _3\right)_2\)
A. \(C _6 H _5 CH _2 MgBr +\left( CH _3\right)_2 CH - CHO\)
B. \(C _6 H _5 MgBr + CH _3- CO - CH \left( CH _3\right)_2\)
C. \(CH _3 MgBr + C _6 H _5- CO - CH \left( CH _3\right)_2\)
D. \(C _6 H _5- CO - CH _3+\left( CH _3\right)_2 CHMgBr\)
E. \(C _6 H _5 CH ( MgBr ) CH _3+\left( CH _3\right)_2 CO\)
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The following table gives the lenght, diameter and appiled potential difference of four copper wires, A, B, C, D, across their ends. Arrange the wires in correct order of the increasing electric field.

Wire	Length	Diameter	Potential difference
(A) Wire A	l	3d	V
(B) Wire B	2l	d	V
(C) Wire C	3l	2d	2V
(D) Wire D	3l	2d	V

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Human protein alpha -1 antitrypsin is used to treat